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191.
This study aimed to determine whether the “side‐effect effect” existed for both moral and conventional norms in a group of Chinese college students, and whether the norm type (moral or conventional) or the norm status (violating or conforming) resulted in this effect. The experiment used a 2 × 2 between‐subjects design with Norm Type and Norm Status as between‐group factors and with the Blame/Praise Ratings and Intentionality Judgments as dependent variables. Results indicated that the side‐effect effect existed not only in situations involving moral norms, but also in those involving conventional norms. Norm Status was correlated with Intentionality Judgment in both situations involving moral and conventional norms, whereas Blame/Praise Rating was only correlated with the judgments in the moral situation. It turned out that the blame–praise asymmetry could not explain the phenomenon of the “Knobe effect.” Regression analysis showed that norm status, rather than norm type, had a unique predictive effect on people's intentionality judgments. These results support the normative‐reasons explanation, which proposes that foreseeing a harmful effect but not caring about it is the explanatory factor of the Knobe effect. 相似文献
192.
Wanfen Chen Dajun Zhang Junsheng Liu Yangu Pan Biao Sang 《Australian journal of psychology》2019,71(3):241-248
193.
194.
Gwowen Shieh 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2019,72(1):136-154
The reporting and interpretation of effect size estimates are widely advocated in many academic journals of psychology and related disciplines. However, such concern has not been adequately addressed for analyses involving interactions between categorical and continuous variables. For the purpose of improving current practice, this article presents fundamental features and theoretical developments for the variance of standardized slopes as a desirable standardized effect size measure for the degree of disparity between several slope coefficients. To estimate the effect size, a consistent and nearly unbiased estimator is described and a simple refinement is emphasized for extreme situations whenever appropriate. The essential problems of power and sample size calculations for testing the equality of slope coefficients are also considered. According to the analytic justification and empirical assessment, the exact approach has a clear advantage over the approximate methods. Both SAS and R computer codes are provided to facilitate practical accessibility of the proposed techniques in interaction studies. 相似文献
195.
This study examined whether different aspects of mathematical proficiency influence one's ability to make adaptive financial decisions. “Numeracy” refers to the ability to process numerical and probabilistic information and is commonly reported as an important factor which contributes to financial decision‐making ability. The precision of mental number representation (MNR), measured with the number line estimation (NLE) task has been reported to be another critical factor. This study aimed to examine the contribution of these mathematical proficiencies while controlling for the influence of fluid intelligence, math anxiety and personality factors. In our decision‐making task, participants chose between two options offering probabilistic monetary gain or loss. Sensitivity to expected value was measured as an index for the ability to discriminate between optimal versus suboptimal options. Partial correlation and hierarchical regression analyses revealed that NLE precision better explained EV sensitivity compared to numeracy, after controlling for all covariates. These results suggest that individuals with more precise MNR are capable of making more rational financial decisions. We also propose that the measurement of “numeracy,” which is commonly used interchangeably with general mathematical proficiency, should include more diverse aspects of mathematical cognition including basic understanding of number magnitude. 相似文献
196.
Misinformation often continues to influence people’s memory and inferential reasoning after it has been retracted; this is known as the continued influence effect (CIE). Previous research investigating the role of attitude‐based motivated reasoning in this context has found conflicting results: Some studies have found that worldview can have a strong impact on the magnitude of the CIE, such that retractions are less effective if the misinformation is congruent with a person’s relevant attitudes, in which case the retractions can even backfire. Other studies have failed to find evidence for an effect of attitudes on the processing of misinformation corrections. The present study used political misinformation—specifically fictional scenarios involving misconduct by politicians from left‐wing and right‐wing parties—and tested participants identifying with those political parties. Results showed that in this type of scenario, partisan attitudes have an impact on the processing of retractions, in particular (1) if the misinformation relates to a general assertion rather than just a specific singular event and (2) if the misinformation is congruent with a conservative partisanship. 相似文献
197.
This paper presents results of a laboratory experiment, in which subjects made choices between public and private transportation when managing Personal Carbon Allowances (PCAs). The objectives of this study were twofold. Firstly, it was aimed at investigating the labeling effect under the social dilemma context. Secondly, it showed insights into the decision-making process when feedback about others’ choices was provided. A combination of the labeling effect and feedback helped individuals change their commuting pattern and increase the number of trips by public transportation under the PCAs regime. Feedback on others’ choices resulted in social learning and incentivized choice of public transportation more frequently in social dilemma situations. 相似文献
198.
《PsyCh Journal》2018,7(2):92-102
Infants typically see more own‐race faces than other‐race faces. Existing evidence shows that this difference in face race experience has profound consequences for face processing: as early as 6 months of age, infants scan own‐ and other‐race faces differently and display superior recognition for own‐ relative to other‐race faces. However, it is unclear whether scanning of own‐race faces is related to the own‐race recognition advantage in infants. To bridge this gap in the literature, the current study used eye tracking to investigate the relation between own‐race face scanning and recognition in 6‐ and 9‐month‐old Asian infants (N = 82). The infants were familiarized with dynamic own‐ and other‐race faces, and then their face recognition was tested with static face images. Both age groups recognized own‐ but not other‐race faces. Also, regardless of race, the more infants scanned the eyes of the novel versus familiar faces at test, the better their face‐recognition performance. In addition, both 6‐ and 9‐month‐olds fixated significantly longer on the nose of own‐race faces, and greater fixation on the nose during test trials correlated positively with individual novelty preference scores in the own‐ but not other‐race condition. The results suggest that some aspects of the relation between recognition and scanning are independent of differential experience with face race, whereas other aspects are affected by such experience. More broadly, the findings imply that scanning and recognition may become linked during infancy at least in part through the influence of perceptual experience. 相似文献
199.
A portfolio forecasting model based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with automatic factor scaling is proposed in this Article to effectively improve the accuracy of related analysis model in portfolio application. Firstly, the portfolio problem is analyzed and a hybrid constraint portfolio model is obtained by improving portfolio model with consideration of general portfolio model and combination of market value constraint and upper bound constraint according to Markowitz's theory. Secondly, PSO algorithm is introduced during analysis on portfolio model and solution is found with the hybrid constraint portfolio model of PSO on portfolio. In addition, in order to further improve the performance of PSO in model solution, automatic factor scaling is used for adaptive learning on parameters associated with PSO, to improve convergence of the algorithm. At last, simulation experiments show that the algorithm proposed can obtain a more ideal investment portfolio scheme, thereby reducing investment risks and obtaining greater investment returns. 相似文献
200.
Chen‐Wei Liu Wen‐Chung Wang 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2017,70(3):499-524
Examinee‐selected item (ESI) design, in which examinees are required to respond to a fixed number of items in a given set, always yields incomplete data (i.e., when only the selected items are answered, data are missing for the others) that are likely non‐ignorable in likelihood inference. Standard item response theory (IRT) models become infeasible when ESI data are missing not at random (MNAR). To solve this problem, the authors propose a two‐dimensional IRT model that posits one unidimensional IRT model for observed data and another for nominal selection patterns. The two latent variables are assumed to follow a bivariate normal distribution. In this study, the mirt freeware package was adopted to estimate parameters. The authors conduct an experiment to demonstrate that ESI data are often non‐ignorable and to determine how to apply the new model to the data collected. Two follow‐up simulation studies are conducted to assess the parameter recovery of the new model and the consequences for parameter estimation of ignoring MNAR data. The results of the two simulation studies indicate good parameter recovery of the new model and poor parameter recovery when non‐ignorable missing data were mistakenly treated as ignorable. 相似文献