What the Eye Tells the Hand

The information flow necessary to coordinate hand movements with vision is summarized. A series of experiments was performed which quantitatively examined and confirmed the summary. In general, an information-theoretic approach was used. It was confirmed that the speed and accuracy of hand movements are in a reciprocal relationship. The accuracy of a movement is more sensitive to a loss of visual information than the pacing mechanism. Both speed and accuracy are sensitive to withdrawal of information to maintain posture. It is suggested that the retrieval of a movement pre-program is disturbed by afferent “noise.” The contribution of visual information to controlling standing posture, arm and shoulder movement, and wrist movement were investigated.     

The Effects on Skill Acquisition of an Interpolated Motor Short-Term Memory Task During The Kr-Delay Interval

The effects of an interpolated motor short-term memory task during the KR-delay interval on skill acquisition was investigated. On each trial subjects estimated two positions on a linear-positioning apparatus. One group of subjects was presented two biasing movements, which they immediately recalled, during the KR-delay interval. The interpolated motor short-term memory task interfered with skill acquisition and retention.     

反应时方法的新进展

反应时以数量化的方式来反映人的各种心理和生理指标,是实验心理学中常用的反应变量之一。反应时经过两个发展阶段之后,在认知心理学(特别是内隐社会认知研究)和测量仪器两个方面又有了新的发展。由于反应时是时间和速度的测量内容,为了保证研究结果的准确性,在采用反应时法时必须考虑速度-准确性权衡问题。     

意识－无意识成分贡献的权衡现象――非文字再认条件下

以考察意识和无意识的相互关系,以及非文字材料中的内隐和外显记忆的毕生发展模式为目的,采用年龄(老年、中年、大学生、初三和高小)和贡献来源(意识和无意识)的两因素混合设计,通过加工分离程序(PDP)计算了意识和无意识成分的贡献大小。结果呈现出意识和无意识贡献的权衡现象,其特点是：(1)意识贡献呈下降状;(2)无意识贡献呈上升状;(3)两条曲线相交于青年期。对此,我们在过去阐述的意识和无意识的“钢筋水泥”论基础上,提出意识-无意识成分贡献的权衡现象。     

Effect of Instructions Prioritizing Speed or Accuracy on Kinematics and Kicking Performance in Football Players

The authors' purpose was to investigate if there is a speed accuracy trade-off in soccer kicking by using instructions prioritizing velocity, accuracy, or both upon soccer kicking performance and kicking direction in experienced soccer players. In addition, kinematics were measured to investigate the eventual differences in performance. Thirteen experienced male footballers performed penalty kicks with different instructions prioritizing velocity, accuracy or both. Three-dimensional kinematics, together with maximal ball velocity and hitting accuracy, were measured on all kicks. The main findings were that when the main aim was accuracy, accuracy increased, while the velocity reduced, which supports Fitts' law (Fitts, 1954 Fitts, P. M. (1954). The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47, 381–391.[Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]). In addition, kicking accuracy was higher when kicking to the contralateral side. The slower ball velocity was caused by lower segmental and in run velocities. These lower segmental velocities were mainly caused by the lower maximal knee extension and pelvis rotation during the accuracy priority kicks.     

选择损耗自我控制资源:取舍效应还是信息加工难度效应?

研究以自我控制的资源模型为理论框架,从选择难度特征的视角出发,通过两项实验考察选择损耗自我控制资源的成因。结果发现,高取舍冲突组被试的stroop任务成绩显著低于低取舍冲突组被试,高、低阅读难度组被试的stroop任务成绩差异不显著;为自己做选择组被试的stroop任务成绩显著低于为他人做选择组被试,完成3选项和4选项任务组被试的stroop任务成绩差异不显著。研究表明,选择损耗效应是由选择的取舍难度而非信息加工难度造成。。     

Permissible Epistemic Trade-Offs

Recent rejections of epistemic consequentialism, like those from Firth, Jenkins, Berker, and Greaves, have argued that consequentialism is committed to objectionable trade-offs and suggest that consequentialism's propensity for trade-offs hints at a larger problem. Here I argue that sanctioning trade-offs isn't a fault of a theory of epistemic normativity, because there are permissible epistemic trade-offs. I give examples of permissible epistemic trade-offs in pedagogy, in changes of worldview, and in indirect epistemic decisions. I also show that views that sanction trade-offs have an easier time than their rivals in explaining both why we ought to be open-minded and how arguments with suppositions get their argumentative force. These considerations don't eliminate the consequentialist's burden to respond to the objectionable cases, but they do undermine the idea that no correct theory of epistemic normativity properly sanctions trade-offs.     

The effect of task-relevant and irrelevant anxiety-provoking stimuli on response inhibition

The impact of anxiety-provoking stimuli on the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART; Robertson, Manly, Andrade, Baddeley, & Yiend, 1997), and response inhibition more generally, is currently unclear. Participants completed four SARTs embedded with picture stimuli of two levels of emotion (negative or neutral) and two levels of task-relevance (predictive or non-predictive of imminent No-Go stimuli). Negative pictures had a small but detectable adverse effect on performance regardless of their task-relevance. Overall, response times and rates of commission errors were more dependent upon the predictive value (relevance) of the pictures than their attention-capturing nature (i.e., negative valence). The findings raise doubt over whether anxiety improves response inhibition, and also lend support to a response strategy perspective of SART performance, as opposed to a mindlessness or mind-wandering explanation.     

A Multiobjective Diet Planning Support System Using the Satisficing Trade-off Method

This paper shows that the satisficing trade-off method (STOM), one of the interactive multiobjective programming techniques, can be applied effectively to the formulation of livestock rations. Nutrient requirements are considered as soft constraints whose right-hand sides are flexible to some extent. This is easily done by regarding the values of the right-hand sides of the constraints as aspiration levels of the decision maker for objective functions. In this way a well-balanced solution can be obtained by STOM with automatic trade-off analysis. In STOM, moreover, because the objective functions and the constraint functions are interchangeable, decision makers are not required to consider the role of objective and constraint as fixed from the beginning. The authors’ experience is that the method makes ration formulation very easy, rapid and flexible. In addition, this paper shows how effectively STOM can be applied not only to diet planning but also to nutritional diagnosis. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. J. Multi-Crit. Decis. Anal. 6 : 131–139 (1997) No. of Figures: 1. No. of Tables: 3. No. of References: 28.     

离散还是连续?——语义信息加工性质的实验研究

通过两个行为实验,采用句子核证作业,将SAD技术和普通反应时实验有机地结合起来,对语义信息加工的性质进行了详细的考察。实验一采用普通反应时实验,探讨了语义信息加工机制的性质,结果表明,在熟悉度、语义距离和快慢反应时之间存在复杂的交互作用,说明在语义信息加工中存在两种不同性质的加工机制,熟悉性是影响这两种不同性质加工机制的因素。实验二采用SAD技术,研究熟悉性对语义信息加工性质的影响。结果表明,在高熟悉句中的部分信息积累具有离散的趋势;而低熟悉句中的部分信息积累则是连续的,进一步证明了两种性质加工机制的存在。结论认为：语义信息加工中存在着两种性质的加工：离散性加工机制和连续性加工机制,熟悉性是影响二者关系的一个重要因素。