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111.
Infant-directed maternal speech is an important component of infants’ linguistic input. However, speech from other speakers and speech directed to others constitute a large amount of the linguistic environment. What are the properties of infant-directed speech that differentiate it from other components of infants’ speech environment? To what extent should these other aspects be considered as part of the linguistic input? This review examines the characteristics of the speech input to preverbal infants, including phonological, morphological, and syntactic characteristics, specifically how these properties might support language development. While maternal, infant-directed speech is privileged in the input, other aspects of the environment, such as adult-directed speech, may also play a role. Furthermore, the input is variable in nature, dependent on the age and linguistic development of the infant, the social context, and the interaction between the infant and speakers in the environment. 相似文献
112.
Manfred Kraus 《Argumentation》2007,21(1):3-19
In Roman rhetoric, contrarium was variably considered either a figure of speech or an argument. The paper examines the logical pattern of this type of
argument, which according to Cicero is based on a third Stoic indemonstrable syllogism: The persuasiveness of this type of argument, however, vitally depends on the validity of the alleged ‹incompatibility’ forming
its major premiss. Yet this appears to be the argument’s weak point, as the ‹incompatibilities’ employed generally hold for
the most part only, and are reducible to topical argument schemes. This is why in practical usage such arguments are most
often phrased as rhetorical questions, the persuasive force of which, enhanced by certain strategical maneuverings and fallacies,
makes the audience swallow the argument. 相似文献
113.
中、美、德三国国家医院感染监测体系的比较分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过介绍中、美、德三国国家医院感染监测体系的发展历史,比较三国感染监测体系的不同特点,美国成立较早,监测项目齐全,德国起步高,针对性强,我国则介于两者之间;针对国外先进的管理经验,提出中国医院感染监测体系应借鉴国外医院感染控制方面先进的理念和方法,迅速有效地提高我国医院感染监测的水平。 相似文献
114.
Upon hearing an ambiguous speech sound dubbed onto lipread speech, listeners adjust their phonetic categories in accordance with the lipread information (recalibration) that tells what the phoneme should be. Here we used sine wave speech (SWS) to show that this tuning effect occurs if the SWS sounds are perceived as speech, but not if the sounds are perceived as non-speech. In contrast, selective speech adaptation occurred irrespective of whether listeners were in speech or non-speech mode. These results provide new evidence for the distinction between a speech and non-speech processing mode, and they demonstrate that different mechanisms underlie recalibration and selective speech adaptation. 相似文献
115.
Measuring cognitive factors in speech comprehension: The value of using the Text Reception Threshold test as a visual equivalent of the SRT test 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
SOPHIA E. KRAMER ADRIANA A. ZEKVELD TAMMO HOUTGAST 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2009,50(5):507-515
The ability to comprehend speech in noise is influenced by bottom-up auditory and top-down cognitive capacities. Separate examination of these capacities is relevant for various purposes. Speech-Reception-Threshold (SRT) tests measure an individual's ability to comprehend speech. This paper addresses the value of the Text-Reception-Threshold (TRT) test (a visual parallel of the SRT test) to assess the cognitive capacities allocated during speech comprehension. We conducted a secondary data analysis, including 87 normally-hearing adults (aged 18 to 78 years). Correlation coefficients between age, TRT, working memory (Spatial Span) and SRT were examined. The TRT and SRT correlated significantly ( r = 0.30), supporting the value of TRT in explaining inter-individual differences in SRTs. The relations between age and TRT and between SSP and TRT were non-significant. The results indicate that the current TRT test does not fully cover the cognitive aspects relevant in speech comprehension. Adaptation of the test is required before clinical implementation can be considered. 相似文献
116.
MARY RUDNER CATHARINA FOO JERKER RÖNNBERG THOMAS LUNNER 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2009,50(5):405-418
The working memory model for Ease of Language Understanding (ELU) proposes that language understanding under taxing conditions is related to explicit cognitive capacity. We refer to this as the mismatch hypothesis, since phonological representations based on the processing of speech under established conditions may not be accessed so readily when input conditions change and a match becomes problematic. Then, cognitive capacity requirements may differ from those used for processing speech hitherto. In the present study, we tested this hypothesis by investigating the relationship between aided speech recognition in noise and cognitive capacity in experienced hearing aid users when there was either a match or mismatch between processed speech input and established phonological representations. The settings in the existing digital hearing aids of the participants were adjusted to one of two different compression settings which processed the speech signal in qualitatively different ways ("fast" or "slow"). Testing took place after a 9-week period of experience with the new setting. Speech recognition was tested under different noise conditions and with match or mismatch (i.e. alternative compression setting) manipulations of the input signal. Individual cognitive capacity was measured using a reading span test and a letter monitoring test. Reading span, a reliable measure of explicit cognitive capacity, predicted speech recognition performance under mismatch conditions when processed input was incongruent with recently established phonological representations, due to the specific hearing aid setting. Cognitive measures were not main predictors of performance under match conditions. These findings are in line with the ELU model. 相似文献
117.
The central question underlying this study revolves around how children process co-reference relationships—such as those evidenced
by pronouns (him) and reflexives (himself)—and how a slowed rate of speech input may critically affect this process. Previous studies of child language processing
have demonstrated that typical language developing (TLD) children as young as 4 years of age process co-reference relations
in a manner similar to adults on-line. In contrast, off-line measures of pronoun comprehension suggest a developmental delay
for pronouns (relative to reflexives). The present study examines dependency relations in TLD children (ages 5–13) and investigates
how a slowed rate of speech input affects the unconscious (on-line) and conscious (off-line) parsing of these constructions.
For the on-line investigations (using a cross-modal picture priming paradigm), results indicate that at a normal rate of speech
TLD children demonstrate adult-like syntactic reflexes. At a slowed rate of speech the typical language developing children displayed a breakdown in automatic syntactic parsing (again, similar to the pattern seen in unimpaired adults).
As demonstrated in the literature, our off-line investigations (sentence/picture matching task) revealed that these children
performed much better on reflexives than on pronouns at a regular speech rate. However, at the slow speech rate, performance
on pronouns was substantially improved, whereas performance on reflexives was not different than at the regular speech rate.
We interpret these results in light of a distinction between fast automatic processes (relied upon for on-line processing
in real time) and conscious reflective processes (relied upon for off-line processing), such that slowed speech input disrupts
the former, yet improves the latter. 相似文献
118.
119.
120.
This paper studies the reliability and validity of naturalistic speech errors as a tool for language production research. Possible biases when collecting naturalistic speech errors are identified and specific predictions derived. These patterns are then contrasted with published reports from Germanic languages (English, German and Dutch) and one Romance language (Spanish). Unlike findings in the Germanic languages, Spanish speech errors show many patterns which run contrary to those expected from bias: (1) more phonological errors occur between words than within word; (2) word-initial consonants are less likely to participate in errors than word-medial consonants, (3) errors are equally likely in stressed and in unstressed syllables, (4) perseverations are more frequent than anticipations, and (5) there is no trace of a lexical bias. We present a new corpus of Spanish speech errors collected by many theoretically naïve observers (whereas the only corpus available so far was collected by two highly trained theoretically informed observers), give a general overview of it, and use it to replicate previous reports. In spite of the different susceptibility of these methods to bias, results were remarkably similar in both corpora and again contrary to predictions from bias. As a result, collecting speech errors “in the wild” seems to be free of bias to a reasonable extent even when using a multiple-collector method. The observed contrasting patterns between Spanish and Germanic languages arise as true cross-linguistic differences. 相似文献