Expanding the rasch model to a general model having more than one dimension

The well-known Rasch model is generalized to a multicomponent model, so that observations of component events are not needed to apply the model. It is shown that the generalized model has retained the property of the specific objectivity of the Rasch model. For a restricted variant of the model, maximum likelihood estimates of its parameters and a statistical test of the model are given. The results of an application to a mathematics test involving six components are described.     

Organizational Cultural Competency: Shifting Programs for Latino Immigrants from a Client-Centered to a Community-Based Orientation

This paper discusses how the organizational cultural competency of social service agencies may be improved by shifting the philosophy of service delivery from a client-centered to a community-based orientation. This analysis is based on two years of fieldwork and interviews that were conducted as part of an action research project initially developed to increase the number of certified Spanish speaking Latino family childcare providers and knowledge about Latino immigrant families in the Midwest. In developing a culturally-specific certification program in Spanish, both the Latino participants and the bilingual program director challenged the agency to consider how the social context and social location of its participants required a more holistic community approach.     

温度与攻击的研究回顾与展望

从人类攻击的一般理论模型出发,着重介绍了与温度有关的注意不足模型、社会公平模型、负面情绪矫正模型,阐述了热假说的有关研究和成果。最后分析了该研究领域存在的主要问题：(1)研究结果常相互矛盾,有的支持高温增加攻击行为,有的支持高温减少攻击行为。(2)实验室中的攻击与现实生活中的攻击有很大区别。(3)现场研究的数据中热效应与冷效应缺少对称。(4)目前学者的解释和研究未全面考察影响攻击行为的因素,因此需要综合探讨各种影响因素及它们的交互作用,并采用多种方法进行研究。     

Approaching archetypes: reconsidering innateness

The question of innateness has hounded Jungian psychology since Jung originally postulated the archetype as an a priori structure within the psyche. During his life and after his death he was continually accused of Lamarckianism and criticized for his theory that the archetypes existed as prior structures. More recently, with the advent of genetic research and the human genome project, the idea that psychological structures can be innate has come under even harsher criticism even within Jungian thought. There appears to be a growing consensus that Jung's idea of innate psychological structures was misguided, and that perhaps the archetype-as-such should be abandoned for more developmental and 'emergent' theories of the psyche. The purpose of this essay is to question this conclusion, and introduce some literature on psychological innateness that appears relevant to this discussion.     

两种视觉特征提示对儿童错误记忆发展的影响

采用DRM研究范式,实验一使用示意图提示,探讨特异性视觉特征对于8岁、10岁和12岁儿童错误记忆的影响及其随年龄而产生的变化;实验二使用位置提示,探讨非特异性视觉特征对8岁、10岁和12岁儿童错误记忆的影响及其随年龄增长而产生的变化。实验结果说明:(1)特异性视觉特征提示会显著减少错误记忆,而非特异性视觉提示则会显著增加错误记忆。(2)8～12岁儿童错误记忆随着年龄的增长而增长,这可能是由于儿童随年龄增长不断地发展其形成要义痕迹表征和要义连接的能力所致。(3)特异性视觉特征提示对8岁儿童错误记忆的影响不显著,对10岁和12岁儿童有显著削弱作用,但这种影响在10岁和12岁儿童间没有显著性地增长。(4)非特异性视觉特征提示对8岁儿童错误记忆不产生显著影响,对10岁和12岁儿童有显著的增强作用,且这种影响从8岁至12岁呈显著性增长。     

研究生特定群体婚恋问题研究

该文使用问卷调查法对复旦大学的298名研究生的婚恋问题进行了全面的调查,调查涉及了研究生的婚恋观、婚恋现状、依恋类型及其与婚恋满意度的关系等方面。结果发现:1)研究生的婚恋观总体上积极健康,以人品和感情为重,但存在性别差异,女生的择偶策略在整体上比男生更实际;2)研究生的婚恋现状与婚恋理想基本一致,表现了研究生在婚恋问题上朝着体现个人价值观的方向发展;3)研究生婚恋对象的学历呈现出"男找低,女不找高"的现象,"学历高导致女研究生婚恋难"的观念主要是一种社会刻板印象;4)研究生的依恋类型以积极健康的"安全依恋"为主,安全依恋的研究生恋爱和结婚的比例要大于其他类型,对婚恋关系的满意度也要高于其他类型。     

工作记忆负载对特性干扰子激活和抑制加工的影响

在同一实验条件下采用干扰效应和负启动效应双指标考察了三种不同类型工作记忆(WM)负载对特性干扰子加工的影响,旨在求证胡耿丹等人从位置干扰子加工所提出的"双重作用机制"是否适用于特性干扰子加工,以及对Park等人的负载特异机制观点所做的拓展和完善在特性干扰子范畴内是否正确。结果显示:(1)WM负载对特性干扰子的加工亦存在双重作用机制,提示双重作用机制在单一WM负载范围内具有普适性;(2)当目标刺激与干扰子刺激的属性一致时,无论是在位置干扰子还是在特性干扰子视角下Park等人的负载特异机制观点均可一致地被拓展和完善。     

Implicit Theories of Creativity in Computer Science in the United States and China

To study implicit concepts of creativity in computer science in the United States and mainland China, we first asked 308 Chinese computer scientists for adjectives that would describe a creative computer scientist. Computer scientists and non‐computer scientists from China (N = 1069) and the United States (N = 971) then rated how well those adjectives described creative computer scientists using a 5‐point Likert Scale. Factor analysis revealed that the concept of a creative computer scientist had four dimensions: (1) smart/effective, (2) outgoing, (3) creative thinking and (4) unsociable. Differences in the implicit concepts across disciplines, ethnicity, gender, age, and working experience were analyzed. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of the domain specificity of creativity.     

Group Merger Between Political Parties: The Role of the Ingroup Projection Process

In 2007, the two most important Italian left‐wing parties merged into a single political entity. This study intends to analyze the merging process. Specifically, and in line with the ingroup projection hypothesis of Mummendey & Wenzel, we have explored whether the identification and the favoritism toward the upcoming common group was affected by the perceivers' projection of specific and common stereotypical traits from the subordinate groups to the superordinate one. Political militants' (N = 132) levels of ingroup identification; their representations of the previous ingroup, outgroup, and of the new party; and their attitudes towards the common group were assessed. Results confirmed that the cognitive representation of the merged party was shaped much more on the basis of the typical traits of the ingroup than of the outgroup. Moreover, structural equation analyses showed that the identification with the superordinate category and the consequent favoritism toward the merger were related to the projection of ingroup attributes. The findings also suggested that the ingroup projection may be particularly crucial when the intergroup bias is high. Finally, political implications are discussed in terms of obstacles and resources inherent to the merging process.