What can make the difference? Premature birth and maternal sensitivity at 3 months of age: the role of attachment organization, traumatic reaction and baby's medical risk

The influence of prematurity and maternal attachment organization on sensitivity was investigated in 40 mother–infant dyads. Results show a main effect of attachment and an interaction between attachment and prematurity. Sensitivity was differently associated with medical risk and mothers’ traumatic reaction, depending on the quality of attachment.     

Selection for reduced aggressiveness towards man and dopaminergic activity in Norway rats

The brain dopaminergic system is involved in the process of long-term selection for reduced aggressive reaction towards man in Norway rats. The dopamine levels in the striatum as well as the nucleus accumbens with the tuberculum olfactorium were significantly lower in domesticated rats than in their wild counterparts. A substantial decrease was found in homovanillic acid level in the n. accumbens and tuberculum olfactorium. Specific binding of [³H]spiperone which labels D-2 dopamine receptors was higher in the mesolimbic structure of tame rats, whereas binding of [³H]SCH 23390 (D-1 receptors) was unchanged in this area. No substantial differences were detected in D-1 and D-2 binding in striatum. Apomorphine (0.3 mg/kg) elicited less locomotion in tame animals, reflecting a decrease of sensitivity of postsynaptic dopamine receptors. Tame rats showed fewer aggressive contacts in a foot-shock test than wild rats and the D-2 receptor antagonist sulpiride (25 mg/kg) significantly decreased the foot-shock aggression only in wild rats. Therefore, domestication, which diminishes defensive behavior and emotional reactivity of animals, is associated with decreases of dopamine level in the striatum, changed metabolism of dopamine in mesolimbic system, and an alteration in density and senstivity of D-2 receptors.     

Trauma and defences: their roots in relationship. An overview

In this paper the differing psychodynamic models of defences are outlined and compared with an attachment theory perspective in which affect regulation plays a central role. Behavioural and intrapsychic distance regulation (defensive exclusion) are seen as the main strategies for affect regulation and are the manifestations of the habitual pattern of emotional regulation in the relationship between the child and the primary caregiver. A new perspective on unconscious fantasy is offered, in which fantasies are seen to be actively created as defensive narratives to protect the development of healthy narcissism and to become integrated into a person's internal working models. Archetypal defences are explored from a developmental perspective and some neurobiological issues relevant to defences are highlighted.     

当代医生心理压力现状探讨

随着社会的进步,医学模式的转变,医疗服务行业面临着更多的压力,医生同样面临着各种各样的压力,他们来自于患方、医院、社会。一些医务人员在工作中,思想负担重,心理压力大,因此工作愉悦度低,有消极的工作情绪,甚至采取了选择离开医生工作岗位的行为。通过对某院的208名医生进行的简单问卷调查,寻找出问题的症结和医生心理压力的主要原因,从伦理学角度加以分析,为缓解医务人员压力,更好地服务患者寻求解决办法。     

The distinctiveness of hardiness, positive emotionality, and negative emotionality in National Guard soldiers

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to investigate the distinctiveness of hardiness (using the Short Hardiness Scale; Bartone, 1995) from the broader personality traits of negative emotionality and positive emotionality (NEM and PEM; assessed with items from the MMPI-2 PSY-5 scales); in a sample of 981 Army National Guard soldiers. Exploratory factor analyses demonstrated that hardiness items loaded on a separate factor from PEM and NEM items, and confirmatory factor analysis suggested that hardiness is not simply a sub-facet of either PEM or NEM. However, subsequent regression analyses found that hardiness did not predict symptoms of PTSD or depression beyond the effects of PEM and NEM among combat exposed soldiers.     

Control situacional y focalización en la tarea en pesimistas defensivos y optimistas

Resumen

El presente estudio trata de contribuir a la comprensión de la naturaleza y funcionalidad de las estrategias cognitivas de pesimistas defensivos y optimistas.Para ello manipulamos la controlabilidad de la situación. Pensamos que la valoración de control situacional es un proceso básico que puede estar subyaciendo a los efectos encontrados por estudios previos cuando inducen respuestas congruentes o incongruentes con el estilo valorativo de estos sujetos. Utilizamos un diseño factorial 2 (Grupo: pesimistas defensivos, optimistas) X 2 (Control situacional: alto, bajo). Pretend'amos estimular un nivel de control situacional congruente o no con cada estrategia, con vistas a evaluar su influencia en la estrategia de la focalización en la tarea, y en otras respuestas de tipo motivacional (intención de esfuerzo, importancia de los resultados) y adaptativo (cambio en ansiedad y rendimiento).

Los resultados mostraron 1) que el control situacional es un factor relevante en la activación diferencial de la estrategia de la focalización; 2) en los pesimistas defensivos la condición congruente (preferida) es la de control bajo, que estimula una focalización negativa en la tarea; en los optimistas, por el contrario, la condición preferida es la de control alto, que estimula una baja focalización (distracción). En la discusión relacionamos el nivel de control y de focalización preferido por cada grupo con diferencias individuales en orientación motivacional: a la incertidumbre, en los pesimistas defensivos, y a la certidumbre en los optimistas. Asimismo, diferenciamos entre la estrategia de distracción de los optimistas y mecanismos de defensa como la negación y la represión.     

Word length effect in early reading and in developmental dyslexia

Vocal reaction times were measured in Italian dyslexics and in proficient readers while they read single words. Three groups of control participants (for a total of 79) were tested. All were in the first, second or third grade of elementary school. Nine third graders with a low level of reading ability when assessed by standard reading procedures were also tested. Results indicated that vocal RTs of control participants were faster and less sensitive to word length as a function of age; also, there was a particularly marked change between first and second graders. Dyslexics' vocal RTs and errors were much worse than those of peer control participants and resembled those of first grade controls. It is suggested that normal readers in an orthographically transparent language (Italian) adopt a lexical strategy quite early in their learning. On the contrary, dyslexics seem unable to learn this mode of processing and continue to use a sub-lexical reading procedure.     

Serotonin metabolism and serotonergic receptors in Norway rats selected for low aggressiveness to man

Selection of Norway rats (24–27 generations) for low aggressiveness to man resulting in the loss of aggressive responding to handling markedly influences the brain serotonergic system. In “domesticated” Norway rats levels of serotonin in the midbrain and hypothalamus and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid in the hypothalamus were higher than in non-selected aggressive rats. The activity of the key enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase, in midbrain of rats with genetically determined lack of aggressiveness to man was higher than in aggressive animals, although there was no difference in tryptophan hydroxylase activity in the hypothalamus. B_max and K_D of [³H]spiperone-specific binding in frontal cortex membranes were increased in tame rats. No significant differences in B_max and K_D were found between “domesticated” and aggressive rats in [³H]serotonin binding in the frontal cortex.     

Hick’s law equivalent for reaction time to individual stimuli

Hick’s law, one of the few law-like relationships involving human performance, expresses choice reaction time as a linear function of the mutual information between the stimulus and response events. However, since this law was first proposed in 1952, its validity has been challenged by the fact that it only holds for the overall reaction time (RT) across all the stimuli, and does not hold for the reaction time (RT_i) for each individual stimulus. This paper introduces a new formulation in which RT_i is a linear function of (1) the mutual information between the event that stimulus i occurs and the set of all potential response events and (2) the overall mutual information for all stimuli and responses. Then Hick’s law for RT follows as the weighted mean of each side of the RT_i equation using the stimulus probabilities as the weights. The new RT_i equation incorporates the important speed–accuracy trade-off characteristic. When the performance is error-free, RT_i becomes a linear function of two entropies as measures of stimulus uncertainty or unexpectancy. Reanalysis of empirical data from a variety of sources provide support for the new law-like relationship.