关于两种Angoff法比较的模拟实验研究

采用模拟实验法比较研究了两种Angoff法——概率法和对错法——设定分数线的准确性和稳定性,结果表明:(1)当真能力低于测验的平均难度时,概率法高估分数线,而对错法低估分数线;反之,当真能力高于测验平均难度时,概率法低估,而对错法高估;(2)当真能力接近测验平均难度时,概率法比对错法更准确;反之,当真能力远高于或低于测验平均难度时,对错法更准确;(3)无论在何种实验条件下,概率法均比对错法更稳定。     

A comparison of event-related potentials of humans and rats elicited by a serial feature-positive discrimination task

The purpose of this experiment was to compare components of the human and rat auditory event-related potential (ERP) in a serial feature-positive discrimination task. Subjects learned to respond to an auditory target stimulus when it followed a visual feature (X → A+), but to not respond when it was presented alone (A−). Upon solving the task, the N2 component, which has been suggested to reflect the activation of inhibitory processes, was temporarily more negative in response to the target on A− than on X → A+ trials in both species. However, whereas a P3 component was present in the human participants, this component was absent in the rats. In both species, the amplitude of several ERP components, including the N2, decreased in the course of training. These results are discussed in the framework of contemporary models of associative learning.     

论药物治疗安全：药疗错误的科学定位与安保革新

面对越来越多的最普遍的一种医疗错误—药物治疗错误,以及由此带给患者的身体损害和经济损失,必须对药疗错误进行科学定位和对患者安全保障体系与措施的革新。本文不在于详尽地论述药疗错误和安保的革新,而是通过对药疗错误的科学定位,提出对药疗错误的预防优先和以医者与患者为中心的药疗安全保障,强调重在研究和应用与药疗安全问题相关的健康信息技术和改变认知与处理药。总的认为:关于药疗安全与药疗错误,执行安全措施的障碍和改善药疗管理的当前和可能的机制以及我们应当知道什么和可以怎样做为好。     

心理分析治疗中"界限"的概念体系及意义

从心理分析的角度出发,通过文献研究和临床方法,首次系统提出并论证了界限的概念体系及与之相应的系统行为:“界内行为”、“越界行为”、“违界行为”和“侵界行为”;并就界限设置的双重意义以及治疗师系统行为的意义进行了讨论。     

Learning and career specialty preferences of medical school applicants

The present research examined relationships among medical school applicants’ preferred approaches to learning, methods of instruction, and specialty areas (n = 912). Based on confidential responses to a progressive series of paired comparisons, applicants’ preferences for lecture (L), self-study (SS), group discussion (GD), and computers (C) were assessed across three dimensions: (1) comfort; (2) effectiveness; and (3) interest. Using cluster analysis to generate four instructional “profiles,” participants’ comparative preferences for self-study/lecture versus group discussion/computers (+SS, L/−GD, C) were positively associated with interests in surgery and neurology, whereas opposing preferences (+GD, C/−L, SS) corresponded with the practice of family medicine. Using a matriculant subset (N = 160), analyses indicated that these relationships remained after controlling for sex and psychological type.     

The physician values in practice scale: Construction and initial validation

Measures of values typically appraise the construct globally, across life domains or relative to a broad life domain such as work. We conducted two studies to construct and initially validate an occupation- and context-specific values measure. Study 1, based on a sample of 192 medical students, describes the initial construction and item analysis of the physician values in practice scale (PVIPS), which produced a 15-factor model. Study 2 reports on a further analysis and refinement of the instrument with a national sample of 644 medical students. Results supported the basic psychometric properties of the PVIPS items. Exploratory factor analysis in Study 2 extracted six factors consistent with a theoretical model of values (Dawis, 1991) and accounting for 61% of the variance: Prestige, Service, Autonomy, Lifestyle, Management, and Scholarly Pursuits. The PVIPS shows promise as a values measure for medical students and physicians encountering career specialty and medical practice style decisions. Interested researchers may construct similar scales for other occupations to promote contextualized appraisals of values.     

Fire at the theatre: (Un)reality of/in the transference and interpretation1

Only in Bion's extended idea of ‘waking dream thought’ is the oneiric paradigm of the cure (already an obvious Freudian principle) completely applicable. The author's basic hypothesis is that, by adopting this paradigm thoroughly, one can combine the radical antirealism which is expressed in the postulate by which all the patient's communications are transference‐connected (here meaning ‘false connection’‐i.e. as projection/displacement of elements of the patient's inner psychic world) with the ‘reality’ of the transference, that is to say with the conviction that the facts of the analysis are co‐determined by the patient‐analyst dyad and actually rooted in how they interact. The Freudian metaphor of the fi re at the theatre is reintroduced here to suggest the crisis of the therapist's internal setting and capacity for reverie, which occurs when the irreducible ambiguity of the transference is resolved defensively, either in the patient's external reality or in his unconscious fantasy constellation. The author gives three clinical examples. The fi rst shows some of the not necessarily negative effects of this temporary crisis. The other two vignettes show a way of listening to the traumatic events of the patient's life from a perspective (that of the ‘analytic fi eld’) which is thought to be potentially the most transformative and vital to the analytical relationship.     

用安戈夫(Angoff)方法对网络成瘾的标准设定

本研究旨在探讨网络成瘾的界定问题。本文采用标准没定中最为广泛使用的安戈夫(angoff)方法对网络成瘾进行评定,并分析量表的信度和效度。结果表明：网络成瘾的界定分数为7,即受试者在量表的12个项目中,有7个做出肯定回答即被界定为网络成瘾。用Angoff方法产生的测验分界分数则有79．25％的受试者与外在效标划分一致。     

Behavioral and endocrine aspects of dominance and submission in male rabbits

Small all-male groups of rabbits were studied for periods of 15–20 days in a seminatural setting, giving the animals the possibility of initiating and pacing their social interactions. Behavioral observations included: intermale activity recorded daily and the reactions to the occasional introduction of an intruder female. Hormones were measured in blood samples taken at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period. A combination of behavioral and endocrine parameters, rather than single measures, was used to assign each individual its social rank within each group. Tables of concordance between behavioral and endocrine parameters were compiled to evaluate the dominance and the subordination hierarchy. Different behavioral categories and elements characterized dominance and subordination, indicating the two as district rather than simply reciprocal traits. Their endocrine basis is also different, final levels of testosterone and estradiol being associated with dominance, and corticosterone, ACTH, and androstenedione with subordination. The same hormones in the initial samples were unrelated to the subsequent social status, indicating that hormones are not prerequisites of status. The relevance of specific behavioral and endocrine parameters is discussed.