Narratives of escape: A hermeneutic study of resiliency

This study examines the structure of narratives told by well-functioning adults who were at-risk as children. Participants told stories of their childhood based on pictures they selected from the TAT test (Thematic Apperception Test). Analysis of their narratives resulted in a set of hermeneutic rules which may be useful in interpreting the structure of narratives and in understanding the relationship between internalized images, reality construction, and resiliency. Two types of images were identified: negative images of stress and darkness and more positive images of escape and hope. Implications for helping clients develop images of strength and competence are discussed.The authors wish to thank an anonymous reviewer for his or her very helpful suggestions.     

Function, goals and intention: children's teleological reasoning about objects

A fundamental aspect of adult thought is the 'teleological' tendency to assume that objects exist for a purpose. When seeing an unfamiliar artifact or strange anatomical part on an animal, the first question an adult will usually ask is 'what's that for?' - a query that assumes that the object can be teleologically explained in terms of its function. Current debate focuses on the origin and scope of teleological thought, and its role in children's emerging theories of the biological world. The bias to view objects as 'designed for a purpose' probably derives from children's privileged understanding of intentional behavior and artifacts. This makes children prone to a 'promiscuous teleology' in which artifacts and natural objects of all types are viewed as existing for a function. Because of this, I argue that we should be cautious about taking the existence of an early teleological bias as evidence that there is biological understanding that exists independently of a psychological construal of living things.     

探索道路上的十年——“现代小学数学”教学实验

本文是对十年来的“现代小学数学”教学实验的初步总结。实验结果表明:1.把作为主体认识对象的客体(小学数学知识)的建构与对主体对客体认识的发展规律的研究有机发结合起来,这一研究小学生数学思维发展的总体设计是可行的、有效的;2.有意识地揭示小学数学知识内在的辩征关系以萌发小学生的辩证思维,不仅有必要,而且有可能;3.心理学研研人员与教学研究人员和广大教师相结合,是进行教学实验的一条比较理想的途径。     

A confirmatory evaluation of the profile of mood states: Convergent and discriminant item validity

The Profile of Mood States was administered to samples of 182 college males, 179 college females, and 257 prison inmates. College males and females did not differ significantly from each other in terms of scale elevation but differed from prison inmates on all scales except Fatigue-Inertia. The college samples differed from the published normative college samples, suggesting the importance of using local norms. A confirmatory item factor analysis suggested convergent item validity with the scoring key and similarity of structure across samples. Discriminant item validity, however, suggested that a smaller number of mood scales would offer a more justifiable interpretation of this inventory.This study was supported by the Alberta Hospital Edmonton, the Solicitor General of Canada, and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Grant 410-80-0576-XI.     

Addiction as a functional representation

This study examined how perceptions of the addicted state vary as a function of social conditions, personal circumstances and type of substance. University students (n = 144) were presented with portrayals of drug users in which sex, drug type and social setting were varied. A questionnaire determined the degree to which participants thought that the person portrayed was (i) addicted, (ii) prone to use drugs due to his/her personality, and (iii) perceived as a problem to society. The pattern of results fitted a functional model of the addiction concept rather than an attempt to describe an ‘objective’ state. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

医师知识结构和思维方式与肺血栓栓塞症诊断

肺血栓栓塞症是常见的临床病症,因其临床表现多样,易发生误诊漏诊而导致较高的病死率.但"凡事顸则立,不顸则废",充分掌握肺血栓栓塞症的知识、以正确的思维方式引导临床诊疗可以有效减少和避免误诊漏诊.     

读者追随目标信息建构情境模型

探讨文本阅读中读者追随目标焦点信息建构情境模型的过程。实验1采用“目标启动＋目标整合”的方式,探讨读者在显性焦点情况下的阅读是否会追随目标信息更新情境模型。实验2采用“目标启动＋目标未整合”的方式,探讨显性焦点下对目标信息进行的追随建构,是发生在目标焦点整合后还是在阅读进程中即时进行。实验2a运用动窗技术,实验2b则采用眼动技术来探讨这个问题。实验结果总的表明,在阅读过程中读者会追随目标焦点信息建构情境模型,并且这种建构是即时进行的     

警察职业倦怠的理论构建

职业倦怠是工作中的个体所体验到的一组负性症状,具有多维度的心理结构。参照有关文献和实证分析,编制了警察职业倦怠量表。通过对488名警察的探索性因素分析和84名警察的验证性因素分析,结果表明该量表结构清晰,信、效度良好,可以作为评鉴警察职业倦怠的有效工具。     

两种新的计算机化自适应测验在线标定方法

在线标定技术由于具有诸多优点而被广泛应用于计算机化自适应测验(CAT)的新题标定。Method A是想法最直接、算法最简单的CAT在线标定方法, 但它具有明显的理论缺陷--在标定过程中将能力估计值视为能力真值。将全功能极大似然估计方法(FFMLE)与“利用充分性结果”估计方法(ECSE)的误差校正思路融入Method A (新方法分别记为FFMLE-Method A和ECSE-Method A), 从理论上对能力估计误差进行校正, 进而克服Method A的标定缺陷。模拟研究的结果表明：(1)在大多数实验条件下, 两种新方法较Method A总体上可以改进标定精度, 且在测验长度为10的短测验上的改进幅度最大; (2)当CAT测验长度较短或中等(10或20题)时, 两种新方法的表现与性能最优的MEM已非常接近。当测验长度较长(30题)时, ECSE-Method A的总体表现最好、优于MEM; (3)样本量越大, 各种方法的标定精度越高。