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991.
992.
Pernille Bruhn 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2013,9(2):62-73
In this article, we present a novel experimental approach to the study of
anticipation in probabilistic cuing. We implemented a modified spatial cuing
task in which participants made an anticipatory hand movement toward one of two
probabilistic targets while the (x,
y)-computer mouse coordinates of their hand movements were
sampled. This approach allowed us to tap into anticipatory processes as they
occurred, rather than just measuring their behavioral outcome through reaction
time to the target. In different conditions, we varied the participants’ degree
of certainty of the upcoming target position with probabilistic pre-cues. We
found that participants initiated spontaneous anticipatory hand movements in all
conditions, even when they had no information on the position of the upcoming
target. However, participants’ hand position immediately before the target was
affected by the degree of certainty concerning the target’s position. This
modulation of anticipatory hand movements emerged rapidly in most participants
as they encountered a constant probabilistic relation between a cue and an
upcoming target position over the course of the experiment. Finally, we found
individual differences in the way anticipatory behavior was modulated with an
uncertain/neutral cue. Implications of these findings for probabilistic spatial
cuing are discussed. 相似文献
993.
《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2013,25(6):654-664
Two experiments analysed memory encoding in human perceptual learning. Both experiments started with preexposure without feedback to four checkerboards composed by a unique feature each and sharing a common feature (AX, BX, CX, and DX). Elements of one pair were presented intermixed and elements of the other pair were presented in separate blocks. Immediately after preexposure participants completed a memory recognition task in which the characteristics of the distractors were manipulated. Experiment 1 showed that only intermixed presentation results in good encoding of the unique features of the stimuli. Experiment 2 demonstrated that intermixed preexposure results in different encoding of unique versus common features of the stimuli: Participants are able to remember A and B better than they remember X, whereas for the blocked condition memory for C, D, and X does not differ. Overall, the results presented here support the proposal that intermixing stimuli results in differential memory traces for unique versus common features and that this contributes to the intermixed/blocked effect. 相似文献
994.
995.
《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2013,10(4):473-489
In this study, we applied a general stress scale (Perceived Stress Scale; Cohen et al., 1983) in the peer context, resulting in a new Peer-Relational Stress Scale (PRS), which assesses both affiliation-related and status-related stress. The self-rating questionnaire was filled out by 345 Norwegian adolescents, who also reported their experiences of victimization and peer support. We investigated the construct validity of the PRS by using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and tested its measurement invariance across two randomly selected subsamples as well as across gender. It was shown that affiliation-related and status-related stress are two distinct, although correlated, dimensions of stress in the peer context. Criterion validity of affiliation- and peer-related stress was tested by correlating the two stress dimensions with victimization and peer support. As hypothesized, victimization was positively and peer support negatively associated with individual differences in experienced stress. 相似文献
996.
《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2013,10(3):297-309
The study addresses factors that relate to defending of classmates victimized by bullying in early adolescence. Specifically, it examines whether moral motivation—measured as a combination of emotion attributions and their justifications in response to a hypothetical transgression—predicts defending in context of gender, social preference, perceived popularity and teacher support. We gathered single-time-point data on a sample of 512 sixth-graders (aged 11–13 years). A three-step hierarchical regression analysis showed that defending was positively predicted by: (1) moral motivation, when gender, social preference, perceived popularity and teacher support were accounted for; (2) interaction between moral motivation and social preference, when all other independent variables were accounted for. Simple slopes indicated that increased social preference strengthened the link between moral motivation and defending. The full model explained 40.5% of the variance in defending. The findings underscore the relevance of morality and its interplay with social preference in understanding defending. 相似文献
997.
《The journal of positive psychology》2013,8(3):130-141
The present research evaluated the construct of optimism and its relation to children's social competence. An optimism questionnaire was developed that specifically assessed children's expectations with regard to their peer interactions and peer relationships. This measure demonstrated acceptable levels of internal and test–retest reliability and was consistent with a three-factor hierarchical factor structure. After removing effects attributable to grade and perceived self-competence, girls’ peer optimism was specifically and negatively associated with feelings of isolation and boys’ peer optimism was associated with a much broader range of social outcomes including higher sociometric status, more friendships, and lower levels of rejection, victimization, and loneliness. These findings highlight the importance of peer optimism for understanding children's peer relations. 相似文献
998.
The fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia), the joy of being laughed at (gelotophilia), and the joy of laughing at others (katagelasticism) were tested in a sample of 189 7‐ and 8‐year‐olds and their parents (185 mothers, 160 fathers). The dispositions were widely unrelated in the full sample. There was a positive relation between girls' and mothers' katagelasticism as well as between the 7‐year‐old boys' katagelasticism and their parents' gelotophilia. Furthermore, the 8‐year‐old boys' fear of being laughed at correlated robustly positively with their parents' gelotophobia and their gelotophilia with their parents' katagelasticism. Similarities/dissimilarities in the parental expression in the dispositions had no impact on the scores in the children. The findings are different from relations reported for parents and their adult children. The study provides ground for further studies on how families deal with ridicule and being laughed at. 相似文献
999.
Nicole Zieber Ashley Kangas Alyson Hock Angela Hayden Rebecca Collins Henrietta Bada Jane E. Joseph Ramesh S. Bhatt 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2013
Adults’ face processing expertise includes sensitivity to second-order configural information (spatial relations among features such as distance between eyes). Prior research indicates that infants process this information in female faces. In the current experiments, 9-month-olds discriminated spacing changes in upright human male and monkey faces but not in inverted faces. However, they failed to process matching changes in upright house stimuli. A similar pattern of performance was exhibited by 5-month-olds. Thus, 5- and 9-month-olds exhibited specialization by processing configural information in upright primate faces but not in houses or inverted faces. This finding suggests that, even early in life, infants treat faces in a special manner by responding to changes in configural information more readily in faces than in non-face stimuli. However, previously reported differences in infants’ processing of human versus monkey faces at 9 months of age (but not at younger ages), which have been associated with perceptual narrowing, were not evident in the current study. Thus, perceptual narrowing is not absolute in the sense of loss of the ability to process information from other species’ faces at older ages. 相似文献
1000.
One hundred and twenty alienated alcoholics were exposed to high and low status models claiming task success rates of 25% or 50%. The effects of such modeling on the subjects' claimed task success and mood were complex. Subjects exposed to a two-peer 2.5% rate increased their claimed task success on two tasks and decreased their depressive mood. Subjects exposed to a single-peer 50% rate changed only mood scores apparently due to rejection of the model (Semantic Differential). Overall findings suggest that behavioral changes produced appropriate mood changes and that modeling of modest success rates can produce these changes. 相似文献