Narcissism,confidence, and risk attitude

The present research addresses whether narcissists are more overconfident than others and whether this overconfidence leads to deficits in decision making. In Study 1, narcissism predicted overconfidence. This was attributable to narcissists' greater confidence despite no greater accuracy. In Study 2, participants were offered fair bets on their answers. Narcissists lost significantly more points in this betting task than non‐narcissists, due both to their greater overconfidence and greater willingness to bet. Finally, in Study 3, narcissists' predictions of future performance were based on performance expectations rather than actual performance. This research extends the literature on betting on knowledge to the important personality dimension of narcissism. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Perspective taking in children and adults: Equivalent egocentrism but differential correction

Children generally behave more egocentrically than adults when assessing another's perspective. We argue that this difference does not, however, indicate that adults process information less egocentrically than children, but rather that adults are better able to subsequently correct an initial egocentric interpretation. An experiment tracking participants' eye movements during a referential communication task indicated that children and adults were equally quick to interpret a spoken instruction egocentrically but differed in the speed with which they corrected that interpretation and looked at the intended (i.e., non-egocentric) object. The existing differences in egocentrism between children and adults therefore seems less a product of where people start in their perspective taking process than where they stop, with lingering egocentric biases among adults produced by insufficient correction of an automatic moment of egocentrism. We suggest that this pattern of similarity in automatic, but not controlled, processes may explain between-group differences in a variety of dual-process judgments.     

心理学研究本土文化取向的理论与实践

经由本地化研究建立本土心理学的呼声,自20世纪80年代以来,在两岸三地即已时有所闻．惟对“本土”或“本地化”的概念并不明确。到90年代末期台湾部分心理学家提出三地论的概念^[3],认为港、台、大陆三地因长期隔离,社会形态各异,故而主张三地华人社会的心理学者应各自建立自己的本土心理学(台湾本土心理学、大陆本土心理学、香港本土心理学)。此种纯以地区为前提的心理学研究取向有待商榷．原因是如将心理学视为研究人性特质的科学。并将心理与行为视为人性特质的表徽。显而易见的是,影响心理与行为的文化因素大于地区因素。基于此义．本文提出采用心理学研究本土文化取向的建议．并试从心理学思想的演变中分析探讨此一建议的合理性。一得之愚尚请学界先进批评指教。     

利用倒转图考察儿童认知发展的初步研究

利用倒转图设计的实验考察了3—6岁儿童视觉认知的发展特点,研究结果表明：3岁儿童对倒转后的图形重新认知有难度。4岁及以后的儿童对倒转图重新认知的能力得到迅速发展。对倒转图的认知不仅涉及视知觉能力,同时也反映了儿童关于二维图画表征的观念。我们推测,在3岁或更早儿童的观念中,二维图画与其所指物之间的关系是严格的一一对应的。研究还对利用倒转图考察儿童知觉观点采择的可行性进行了探讨。倒转图可以成为研究儿童认知及社会性发展的有效工具。     

时间洞察力的心理结构、特征及研究焦点

概述了五种有关时间洞察力心理结构的观点：二因素、三因素、四因素、五因素和综合的观点;较详细地说明了时间洞察力的心理特征;并对时间洞察力的研究焦点做了总结;最后指出了以前研究中存在的问题和时间洞察力的未来研究方向。     

西方伦理学研究视野和考察视角的滚动式拓展

西方伦理学的研究视野和考察视角随其历史的演进而滚动式地拓展。在希腊罗马伦理学中 ,只有哲学视野 (含存在论、认识论、人性论、生存论等视角 )。在中世纪基督教伦理学中 ,神学视野 (含神性论、神人关系论、灵魂论等视角 )统辖哲学视野。在近代西方伦理学中 ,哲学视野是脊梁 ,心理学视野 (以情感论视角为主 )和神学视野为两翼 ,而其他诸视野———如政治学的、历史学的、生物学的视野———充当侧肢。在现代西方伦理学中 ,哲学视野 (在原有视角之外新增价值论等视角 )、语言学视野 (含语义学、语用学等视角 )、心理学视野 (在原有视角之外新增潜意识论、发生认识论、需要—动机论、环境—行为论等视角 )和神学视野四强争雄的格局呈现出来 ,其他诸视野———生物学的、人类学的、经济学的、政治学的、历史学的、社会学的视野———则扮演配角。研究视野和考察视角的不断拓展为西方伦理学的发展提供了广泛的可能性。     

Discussion of Helmut Hinz's case

The author comments on this case report from a relational and intersubjective perspective. He emphasizes the here-and-now, interactive attunement and the emergence and development of the patient's nascent healthy core, more than the interpretation of defense. A case report of clinical material selected and condensed by someone else necessarily lacks many of the subtle, non-verbal clues and shared treatment memory that the author would rely on for his perspective. Thus he approaches this report as a written narrative of manifest interaction and gives his impressions of how he might have understood the material and responded somewhat differently. He concludes that, although he and the treating analyst would have different conceptions of how the pivotal moment emerged, the outcome might not have been very different. Finally, he challenges the common usage of 'homosexual' to denote a certain dynamic position in a context that has nothing to do with sexual desire.     

The psychoanalytic vision of Hans Loewald

Hans Loewald is a comprehensive and original theorist on a par with any major post-Freudian thinker, yet neither his ideas nor his person have become the basis for a Loewaldian school or approach, and he is not as well known as other innovators of comparable quality. In this paper the author attempts to characterize the scope and depth of Loewald's theory-his vision of the psyche and psychic life, or metapsychology, his characterization of the psychoanalytic process, and his vision of the clinical and human goals of psychoanalysis. She suggests that Loewald holds in all of these realms, and without apparent contradiction, a doubled-emphatically ego-psychological and emphatically object-relational-perspective, and an equal commitment to both the first topography and the structural theory. His views throughout are undergirded by a bi-directional developmental view that centers on differentiation and integration. The paper includes brief reflections on how to assess psychoanalytic theories, like Loewald's, developed before empirical research that seems to challenge them.     

Motor imagery in spinal cord injured people is modulated by somatotopic coding,perspective taking,and post‐lesional chronic pain

Motor imagery (MI) allows one to mentally represent an action without necessarily performing it. Importantly, however, MI is profoundly influenced by the ability to actually execute actions, as demonstrated by the impairment of this ability as a consequence of lesions in motor cortices, limb amputations, movement limiting chronic pain, and spinal cord injury. Understanding MI and its deficits in patients with motor limitations is fundamentally important as development of some brain–computer interfaces and daily life strategies for coping with motor disorders are based on this ability. We explored MI in a large sample of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) using a comprehensive battery of questionnaires to assess the ability to imagine actions from a first‐person or a third‐person perspective and also imagine the proprioceptive components of actions. Moreover, we correlated MI skills with personality measures and clinical variables such as the level and completeness of the lesion and the presence of chronic pain. We found that the MI deficits (1) concerned the body parts affected by deafferentation and deefferentation, (2) were present in first‐ but not in third‐person perspectives, and (3) were more altered in the presence of chronic pain. MI is thus closely related to bodily perceptions and representations. Every attempt to devise tools and trainings aimed at improving autonomy needs to consider the cognitive changes due to the body–brain disconnection.     

基于双眼视差的立体视觉去掩蔽效应

基于双眼视差的立体视觉不改变目标与掩蔽刺激之间的信噪比, 但能使不同的刺激被知觉在不同的深度位置上以降低目标信号所受到的掩蔽作用。本综述在总结前人双眼去掩蔽研究的基础上, 强调深度维度上的视觉注意在这种主观空间分离去掩蔽过程中所起的重要作用, 并介绍了双眼去掩蔽在现代科技领域中的典型性应用。最后, 结合听觉主观空间分离去掩蔽的研究进展, 本综述认为主观空间分离去掩蔽是大脑处理复杂刺激场景的一个基本功能。