Variables for designing cube folding tasks influencing sixth-graders' performance

This study investigated whether the three variables of task form, squares carried, and figural complexity, for designing cube folding tasks, affect sixth graders' cube folding performance. Two task forms were used to develop two versions of “cube folding test.” Each version was designed based on two levels of squares carried and three levels of figural complexity, and contained 18 multiple-choice items. The sample included 107 boys and 92 girls with an average age of 12.04 years who were randomly assigned to complete one of the two versions. A linear mixed model was carried out with three factors: task forms, squares carried, and figural complexity, in which squares carried and figural complexity were “within-subjects” factors, and task form was the “between-subjects” factor. The results showed the interaction effect of squares carried and task form, and the main effect of figural complexity, which differentiated the difficulty in cube folding tasks.     

多媒体学习的图文整合:空间邻近效应的元分析

多媒体学习中的空间邻近效应认为,当书页或屏幕上的对应的图像和文本邻近呈现时,要比图文远离呈现更加有利于学习者的学习。本元分析针对Ginns（2006）的不足,增加了近10年最新的研究,以保持测验、迁移测验和主观认知负荷作为结果变量,考察多媒体学习中空间邻近效应的稳定性,以及学习材料特征、学习及测验环境和学习者教育水平等的调节作用。经文献搜索与筛选,有53项研究符合元分析要求,在保持测验、迁移测验、主观认知负荷上分别生成了45个（2000人）、43个（1935人）、11个（645人）独立效应量。主效应检验发现：空间邻近组在保持测验（d_保持=0.48）和迁移测验（d_迁移=0.39）成绩上均显著高于空间远离组,在主观认知负荷上显著低于空间远离组（d_认知负荷=-0.24）。调节效应检验发现：在高交互性材料（d_高交互=0.42）、系统步调（d_系统步调=0.52）、短时学习（d_短时=0.55）等条件下,空间邻近效应对学习的深层理解（迁移测验）能发挥更大的作用;对中小学生学习者（d_中小学=0.71）,空间邻近效应促进学习识记（保持测验）的效果更好;相对于电子环境,纸质学习环境下（d_保持=0.66,d_迁移=0.52）的空间邻近效应对保持和迁移测验的促进都更加显著;在主观认知负荷上,学习材料特征、学习及测验环境以及学习者教育水平对空间邻近效应均不存在调节作用。     

空间参照框架的产生机制及与认知机能的关系

空间参照框架是个体表征空间方位的方式, 按照表征中心的不同分为自我中心和环境中心两种参照框架。长期对某一参照框架的持续激活可以形成对该空间参照框架的偏好, 不仅会影响个体的神经元结构, 还会对认知机能产生重要影响。偏好环境中心参照框架会增加海马及其附近脑区的灰质, 而偏好自我中心参照框架会增加尾状核的灰质。海马灰质体积增大会增强正常人的空间记忆能力。持续激活环境中心参照框架的个体会增加海马灰质体积, 从而降低患老年痴呆的风险。未来研究应关注, 地域差异、城乡差异等环境差异在空间参照框架与认知机能关系中的影响机制, 并进一步收集空间参照框架训练在老年痴呆病人中干预效果的实证证据。     

乾坤二卦形上解

乾坤二卦体现了宇宙创化、生生之本,亦显示了中国人特有的时空观,这时空观与西方传统的时空观不同,而与现代科学思想不相违,且比现代科学思想更具深刻哲学之意涵.     

Commuters and marauders: an examination of the spatial behaviour of serial criminals

The demographic characteristics of serial offenders that distinguish between the commuter and the marauder offence styles were examined. Proposed by Canter and Larkin (1993) these two styles represent competing models of criminal spatial behaviour under which the home base plays a role in offence site selection. Data on serial burglars, arsonists and sex offenders were extracted from the criminal records maintained by the NSW Police Service. The offence style of each offender's crime series was identified in order to relate the offence style to the demographic variables, and to examine the offender's first and last offences in a series. A commuter offence style was more likely to be adopted by burglars and generally by adult males. A marauding offence style was apparent in sex offenders and metropolitan based offenders. There was a progression in the distance travelled to offend across all crime types, as the last offence was located further from the home base by comparison with the first. These findings serve to validate the conceptual distinction between commuter and marauder offence styles. Several implications for further research are addressed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Psychodynamic assessment of changes in children with autism under psychoanalytic treatment

In this article the authors report insights into autism developed through their extensive experience of psychoanalytic therapy with children with autism. The fi rst stages of body psychic development are seriously disrupted by this pathology, resulting in primitive anxieties of falling and of being liquefi ed. These anxieties are connected to the fragile development of body ego and of its related spatiotemporal organisation. The changes in children observed by the authors during the therapeutic process lead them to offer a psychodynamic assessment tool, which revolves principally around the development of body ego. After the initial state of 'severe autism', the authors describe three stages: the stage of 'recovery of the skin' (Bick); the established 'symbiotic phase', subdivided into 'vertical then horizontal splitting of the body ego'; and fi nally the stage of 'individuation'. First, the authors describe the principal psychoanalytic approaches to autism and refl ect on the links possible with nonpsychoanalytic work.     

可旋转地图和固定地图的定位效率研究

本研究采用两个分实验,分别比较了在空白背景与复杂背景上地图旋转与地图固定两种导航方式下被试的方位判断反应时之间的差异,然后考察两种背景在两种导航方式差异上的一致性问题。结果发现,在运动点的运动方向为朝上、朝左和朝右时,对于空白背景,地图旋转方式下的反应时显著低于地图固定方式;而对于复杂背景,两种导航方式下的反应时之间不存在显著差异。在运动点的运动方向为朝下时,对于两种背景,地图旋转方式的反应时均显著低于地图固定方式。这一结果基本证实了本研究的假设,即被试利用地图进行空间定向的认知过程包括心理旋转与目标搜索两个阶段。     

运动空间定向判断中的方向偏差及飞行惯性

模拟客体起飞和降落运动,探讨飞行场景中不同运动位置、不同意义客体和运动方向下个体运动空间定向判断能力。结果表明：(1)对降落运动轨迹的判断正确率显著低于起飞运动;(2)无意义客体偏高轨迹的判断正确率显著小于偏低轨迹,表现出方向偏差;(3)飞行场景影响方向偏差的表现形式,当飞机降落运动时,易将偏低路径判断为与预设轨迹相同,而飞机起飞运动时,易将偏高路径判断为相同,表明降落时飞机被知觉为会向斜下方越飞越低,而起飞时飞机会向斜上方越飞越高,表现出飞行惯性。结论：运动空间定向判断受到重力表征及个体知识经验等共同影响,具有认知可渗透性。     

客体相似性对不同认知方式个体视觉工作记忆表征的影响

采用整体检测的变化察觉范式,探讨客体的相似性对客体—空间型认知方式个体视觉工作记忆表征的影响。行为结果显示,在不相似客体的视觉工作记忆表征任务中,客体型者在长延时条件的成绩优于空间型者,而在相似客体的视觉工作记忆表征任务中,两者无差异;ERP结果显示,在不相似客体视觉工作记忆表征任务中,与客体型者相比,空间型者在大脑皮层诱发出更大的负SP。以上结果表明,客体型者比空间型者对不相似客体视觉工作记忆加工具有优势,其潜在机制可能在于,客体型者对不相似客体视觉工作记忆表征时的神经活动效能更高。