风险取向类型与爱荷华赌博任务成绩的影响

神经科学领域的研究者们设计了测量情感决策的经典爱荷华赌博任务并提出了体细胞标记假说来解释其研究结果,但迄今为止这一假说还没有得到一致认可。许多研究提出了可能影响爱荷华赌博任务成绩的其他因素。本研究试图在前人研究的基础上采用实验法探讨风险取向类型这一人格因素是否影响正常个体的爱荷华赌博任务成绩。实验结果显示,不同风险取向类型的个体在爱荷华赌博任务中的成绩和表现截然不同。典型风险趋向型个体在爱荷华赌博任务中的表现类似于某些神经系统患者,倾向于更多地选择不利纸牌,其任务成绩显著差于典型风险回避型个体。这一研究结果表明：风险取向类型是影响正常个体爱荷华赌博任务成绩的重要因素之一。     

The relationship of depression and somatic focus to experimental and clinical pain in chronic pain patients

Abstract

The present study examined Fields' proposal that depression increases the sensory experience of pain in part through greater somatic focus. Experimental and clinical pain measures were compared to self-report of depression and somatic focus in 60 chronic pain patients. Depression scores were unrelated to pain threshold or tolerance on the cold-pressor test. However, as hypothesized by Fields, path analytic models suggested that depression had a direct influence on the evaluative and affective aspects of pain, but the relationship between depression and sensory pain was mediated by somatic focus. These results provide partial support for Fields' neurobiological model of pain and depression.     

Negative affectivity,coping, immune status,and disease progression in hiv iwected individuals

Abstract

The primary goal of the study was to assess the relationship between personality dispositions, coping styles, immune markers, clinical status, and subjective somatic symptoms in a mixed sample of HIV positive individuals. Specifically, the prognostic value of psychological and immunological measures in HIV progression was emphasized. Subjects (n = 104) were recruited from a cohort of 422 HIV positive individuals enrolled in the Oslo HIV Cohort Study. The partkipants were given self-administered questionnaires assessing behavioral, psychological, and psychdal variables. Clinical assessment and immunological tests were performed at regular follow-up visits. Clinical status was assessed according to the Centers for Disurse Control criteria. The immune markers used were CD4 T cell counts, beta2-microglobulin concentration, sewn levels of HIV-1 p24 core protein, and levels of antibodies to core protein. In addition, subjective somatic symptoms were assessed.

The results showed that measure-s of negative affectivity (NA; e.g. anxiety, distress, tension) were consistently related to subjective somatic symptoms and passivedefensive coping style. However, no amistent association between NA measures and immune markers was found. Individuals who developed AIDS in the study period had significantly lower initial CD4 cell counts as well as lower scores on measures of active-pmblem related wping (e.g. Positive reappraisal, Seeking social support) and passivedefensive coping (i.e. Escape-Avoidance, Self-control).

The results suggest (1) that coping styles may merit a specific focus in future research of psychological factors and medical outcomes in HIV infection, and (2) because of associations of NA measures with symptom reports studies of the relationship between e.g. stress, depression and HIV outcome should consider these variables as confounders.     

Normative Impulsivity: Adorno on Ethics and the Body

Abstract

Adorno’s commitment to anti-foundationalism generates a concern over how his ethically normative appraisals of social phenomena can be founded. Drawing on both Kohlmann and Bernstein’s account, I produce a new reading which contends somatic impulses are capable of bearing intrinsically normative epistemic and moral content. This entails a new way of understanding Adorno’s contention that Auschwitz produced a new categorical imperative. Working with Bernstein’s account, I claim that Auschwitz makes manifest the hostility of the instrumentalization of reason to the somatic grounds of reason. One’s mimetic identification with the victims of Auschwitz arouses a self-preserving desire to intercede in and re-orient the progress of reason itself, for the sake of one’s own somatic integrity. In closing, I claim – contra Zuidervaart – that this reading allows us to place the ethical as primary in Adorno, without reducing the political to it.     

Establishing a trait anxiety threshold that signals likelihood of anxiety disorders

Abstract

Evidence suggests that the State Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA) may be a more pure measure of anxiety than other commonly used scales. Further, the STICSA has excellent psychometric properties in both clinical and nonclinical samples. The present study aimed to extend the utility of the STICSA – Trait version by identifying a cut-off score that could differentiate a group of clinically diagnosed anxiety disorder patients (n=398) from a group of student controls (n =439). Two receiver operating characteristic curve analyses indicated cut-off scores of 43 (sensitivity=.73, specificity=.74, classification accuracy=.74) and 40 (sensitivity=.80, specificity=.67, classification accuracy=.73), respectively. In a large community sample (n =6685), a score of 43 identified 11.5% of individuals as probable cases of clinical anxiety, while a score of 40 identified 17.0% of individuals as probable cases of clinical anxiety. As a result of differences in sensitivity and specificity, the present findings suggest a cut-off score of 43 is optimal to identify probable cases of clinical anxiety, while a cut-off score of 40 is optimal to screen for the possible presence of anxiety disorders.     

Effects of dispositional self-focus,appraisal and attention instructions on responses to a threatening stimulus

Abstract

Two studies are reported which explored the relationship between self-focused attention and anxiety. The first study tested the hypotheses that self-focused attention is associated with anxiety in threatening situations and that the relationship is mediated by negative appraisal processes. Study 1 showed no significant interaction between self-focus and negative appraisal on state-anxiety. However, self-focus was associated with increments in state-anxiety, high levels of worry and somatic symptom reports in a threatening situation. The relationship between self-focus and state-anxiety was mediated by somatic symptoms. Study 2 used cognitive and somatic self-attention instructions and external focus instructions to verify the hypothesis that self-focus on somatic arousal is associated with anxiety. It is concluded that specific self-focusing tendencies are associated with the elicitation and exacerbation of anxiety.     

Sources and management of resistance in child treatment

This paper traces the analytic work with a severely traumatised two-and-a-half-year-old girl Phoebe, whose early life was marked by chronic abuse and a violent murder she witnessed a few months prior to the beginning of treatment. Bringing the trauma in the room in a dissociative form, in line with post-traumatic stress disorder presentation, was Phoebe's unconscious means of communicating her pre-verbal encounters by projecting onto me the rage, shock and helplessness of her predicament. Thus, countertransference responses were a helpful window into her internal world, which was governed by cataclysmic losses and primitive states of fear. The importance of containment of the complex feelings aroused in the work and protecting against potential re-enactment of the abusive elements the patient, the family and often the professional network brought in the therapy is highlighted. The author hopes that this paper will encourage the offering of psychoanalytic psychotherapy to traumatised children particularly the under fives.     

Embodying the Couple Relationship: Kinesthetic Empathy and Somatic Mirroring in Couples Therapy

Kinesthetic sensitivity plays a central role in the development of empathy and in understanding others’ intentions, skills that greatly affect spousal satisfaction. The present study examines how, in the couple relationship, somatic mirroring of the other’s physical expressions creates an emotional experience in the relationship, and in couples therapy, sets processes in motion. Such understanding is critical in couples therapy to harness the embodied knowledge needed to address issues in areas where verbal discussion is insufficient. Nine couples (n?=?18) participated in 12 couples therapy sessions that incorporated somatic mirroring. The sessions were documented on video and through the personal diaries kept by the therapists and patients. The participants related to four main themes: Somatic mirroring (a) creates comfort and emotional availability, (b) contributes to identifying and labeling feeling, (c) contributes to arousing intimacy and desire, and (d) avoiding somatic mirroring is characteristic of moments of conflict in the relationship. To create a bridge between the research and the clinic, in the Discussion section methods for connecting with embodied knowledge in couples therapy are examined, with the implications of having familiarity with such knowledge on the intimate relationship and the couple’s communication.     

Something torn or burst or unbearable: a psychoanalytically-informed exploration of the experience of somatic symptoms

Experiences of and responses to bodily symptoms have long held interest, from earlier roots in hysteria to the most recent category of somatic symptom disorder (SSD) in DSM 5. SSD’s focus on distress implies that symptoms hold meaning for individuals. This study used a psychoanalytically-informed, multiple interview method and analysis to explore such possible meanings. Six participants were interviewed on three occasions each, with four themes emerging as follows: (1) a foreign body in charge; (2) left alone with the foreign body; (3) the body works for the mind; and (4) the body mirrors the mind. Bion’s idea of an active container-contained function and the construct of psychic pain formed a useful framework for understanding themes. The distress that lies in somatic symptoms was formulated as potentially stemming from an initial difficulty with containment in the primary object relationship. It is argued that distress may indicate a struggle with suffering that is not only somatic but also psychological in nature; and that the symptomatic body may have reached its limits in containing psychic pain. Implications for working clinically include the importance of close and sustained attention, through the clinician’s reverie, to somatic and emotional feeling states to help guide treatment.     

溃疡性结肠炎的血清学诊断

对溃疡性结肠炎（UC）的诊断应结合临床表现、内镜、实验室、放射学及病理学检查等。血清学标志物在鉴别UC和克罗恩病中有一定价值,包括核周型抗中性粒细胞抗体、抗酿酒酵母抗体、抗胰腺腺泡抗体、抗细胞外膜蛋白复合物抗体和抗12抗体等。这些抗体的检测对UC的诊断和鉴别诊断、活动度判定、亚型分层以及对治疗的反应方面有重要价值。