A note on Type S/M errors in hypothesis testing

Motivated by the recent replication and reproducibility crisis, Gelman and Carlin (2014, Perspect. Psychol. Sci., 9, 641) advocated focusing on controlling for Type S/M errors, instead of the classic Type I/II errors, when conducting hypothesis testing. In this paper, we aim to fill several theoretical gaps in the methodology proposed by Gelman and Carlin (2014, Perspect. Psychol. Sci., 9, 641). In particular, we derive the closed-form expression for the expected Type M error, and study the mathematical properties of the probability of Type S error as well as the expected Type M error, such as monotonicity. We demonstrate the advantages of our results through numerical and empirical examples.     

梁漱溟的"人类心理学"及其理论意义

通过对以华生、郭任远为代表的行为主义心理学在研究对象和研究方法观点上的批判,梁漱溟建立了自己的一套理论体系－－“人类心理学”。它是儒家心性论的“现代版”,同时又是一种人性论。该理论体系产生于二十世纪二十年代,在心理学史和伦理学史上都具有重要的理论意义。     

论自尊的心理意义

自尊以其对人类社会生活和个体精神生活的独特作用和贡献而倍受心理学家的关注。自尊作为起中介作用的人格变量,对儿童的情感、动机、社会适应性行为、认知活动及其品德等有着重要的制约作用;它的发展有助于个体心理健康和良好个性的形成。     

老子的水性人格理论及其现实意义

老子认为,人性是源于道的朴,具有主动性、柔弱性、复归倾向和自我意识。水性兼具人性和道性。圣人的人格是水性人格,其结构包括“食母”需要、质朴的自我意识和柔弱处世三个组成部分。在环境无条件的积极关注之下,个体通过致虚守静和以“重静”规约“轻躁”的努力,就可以形成水性人格。老子的水性人格理论,对于人格理论的构建和健全人格的培养都具有一定的启示价值。     

基于两水平被试内设计的中介效应分析方法

在心理学和其他社科研究领域,通常的中介效应分析都基于被试间设计,研究者对于如何分析基于被试内设计的中介效应往往并不清楚。本文阐述了两水平被试内设计的中介效应分析方法(依次检验法和路径分析法),综合各方法优缺点给出一个分析流程,并用应用研究实例演示如何分析两水平被试内中介效应,最后展望了基于被试内设计的中介效应分析研究的拓展方向。     

Work engagement in the mining industry in South Africa: The role of tasks and relationships

The platinum mining sector in South Africa presents a significant context for the study of work engagement, given the major changes and turmoil experienced by employees in this sector. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of task and relational factors on work engagement in the platinum mining industry in South Africa. A stratified random sample (N = 564) comprising employees in a platinum mining organisation in South Africa was surveyed (females = 35.1%, blacks = 51.6%, middle managers = 40.8%). The employees completed a biographical questionnaire and several other measures: the Engagement Scale, Supervisory Support Scale, Social Support Scale and Job Diagnostic Survey. The results supported a reliable three-factor structure (consisting of autonomy support, competence support, and relatedness support) for the Supervisory Support Scale. The structural model confirmed that task characteristics (comprising task significance and task identity) were strongly related to work engagement. Supervisor support and co-worker support showed a positive relationship with work engagement, albeit to a lesser extent.     

降压达标在高血压治疗中的意义

随着高血压发病人数的增加,高血压所造成的心、脑、肾等重要靶器官损伤、功能衰竭日益受到重视。临床研究证明,为减少由高血压造成的重要器官损伤、提高患者的生活质量、降低病死率,通过各种方式尽快将血压控制在所要求的达标范围内是非常必要的。     

Evaluating correlations in studies of personality and behavior: Beyond the number of significant findings to be expected by chance

When large numbers of statistical tests are computed, such as in broad investigations of personality and behavior, the number of significant findings required before the total can be confidently considered beyond chance is typically unknown. Employing modern software, specially written code, and new procedures, the present article uses three sets of personality data to demonstrate how approximate randomization tests can evaluate (a) the number of significant correlations between a single variable and a large number of other variables, (b) the number of significant correlations between two large sets of variables, and (c) the average size of a large number of effects. Randomization tests can free researchers to fully explore large data sets and potentially have even wider applicability.     

癌症姑息治疗的临床意义和社会伦理思考

姑息医学作为医学学科之一,内容包括癌痛控制,处理缓解其他症状。癌症姑息治疗缓解了紧张的医患关系,有效的防止有限医疗资源的浪费及分配不公,同时姑息治疗给人们留下诸多社会伦理思考,如告知、癌痛控制等问题。如何将姑息治疗扩展到其他非恶性疾病面临着巨大挑战。     

全元曲齐方言语词例释

元曲中零散地分布着许多今存于山东方言区的语词,系统梳理这些语词,对于元曲词汇和今天山东方言词汇的研究都有着重要的意义。本文遴选了30余个元曲中即已出现的山东方言语词,结合元曲和方言用例着力诠释语义,希望借此抛砖引玉。