组织认同一定会促进亲组织非伦理行为吗？社会责任型人力资源管理的作用

基于社会认同理论,以社会责任型人力资源管理作为组织道德性的线索,探讨其对组织认同与亲组织非伦理行为之间关系的调节作用及其对亲组织非伦理行为的直接影响。采用多层线性建模技术进行数据分析,结果表明：当社会责任型人力资源管理水平低时,组织认同正向影响亲组织非伦理行为;当社会责任型人力资源管理水平高时,组织认同对亲组织非伦理行为没有显著影响;社会责任型人力资源管理对亲组织非伦理行为具有抑制作用。     

The effects of magnitude and quality of reinforcement on choice responding during play activities

Three boys with autism participated in a study of the effects of magnitude and quality of reinforcement on choice responding. Two concurrent response alternatives were arranged: (a) to play in an area where a peer or sibling was located, or (b) to play in an area where there was no peer or sibling. During one condition, the magnitude (i.e., duration of access to toys) or quality (level of preference) of reinforcement provided for both responses was equal. During the other condition, the magnitude or quality of reinforcement was relatively greater for choosing the play area where the peer or sibling was located than the area where the peer or sibling was not located. Results showed that after repeated exposure to the unequal magnitude or quality condition, the participant increasingly allocated his responses to the play area where the peer or sibling was located. For 2 participants, this pattern of responding was maintained in the subsequent equal magnitude or quality condition. Overall, the analysis suggests that the dimensions of magnitude and quality of reinforcement can be arranged to influence choice responding in favor of playing near a peer or sibling rather than playing alone.     

Evaluation of a treatment package to reduce rapid eating

We replicated and extended treatment procedures described by Lennox, Miltenberger, and Donnelly (1987) designed to reduce rapid eating. The participant was a 17-year-old girl with developmental disabilities who engaged in dangerously high rates of food ingestion. The procedure involved an adjusting differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate-responding (DRL) schedule, response blocking, and prompts. We evaluated a continuation of the treatment despite initial negative side effects that were similar to those reported by Lennox et al. Results showed that the treatment package was effective and negative side effects eventually decreased.     

Within-session Analysis Of Visual Discrimination

Within-session changes in responding by pigeons during a maintained successive discrimination procedure were examined in four experiments. In the first two experiments, which involved discrimination of visual flicker rate, within-session changes in responding were minimal or absent. A third experiment, which examined discrimination of rectangular forms, demonstrated that the absence of within-session changes in responding was not limited to flicker-rate stimuli. A fourth experiment showed that the absence of within-session changes in responding was not due to high task difficulty in the previous experiments. For the group of subjects in each experiment, within-session changes in responding did not influence discrimination performance. Therefore, measures of overall response rate accurately represented responding both within and across sessions. The occasional appearance of within-session decreases in responding for a few birds may be attributable to satiation.     

Not as Different as We Want to Be: Attitudinally Consistent Trait Desirability Leads to Exaggerated Associations Between Personality and Sociopolitical Attitudes

Research connecting sociopolitical attitudes to personality typically relies exclusively on self‐report measures of personality. A recently discovered mechanism of bias in self‐reports highlights a particular challenge for this approach. Specifically, individuals tend to report exaggerated levels of a trait to the extent that they view that trait as desirable. In a community sample of 443 participants, differences in sociopolitical attitudes were associated with differences in the extent to which individuals provided biased self‐reports for a given trait (relative to trait levels indicated by peer‐report or an objective measure) as well as differences in views of the desirability of that trait. Further, the tendency to misrepresent traits in a manner consistent with one's sociopolitical attitudes was mediated by differences in views of trait desirability. Thus, although meaningful personality differences exist among those with differing sociopolitical attitudes, those differences may not be as large as people with opposing sociopolitical attitudes might like them to be.     

Temporal control by progressive-interval schedules of reinforcement.

Progressive-interval performances are described using measures that have proven to be successful in the analysis of fixed-interval responding. Five rats were trained with schedules in which the durations of consecutive intervals increased arithmetically as each interval was completed (either 6-s or 12-s steps for different subjects). The response patterns that emerged with extended training (90 sessions) indicated that performances had come under temporal control. Postreinforcement pausing increased as a function of the interval duration, the pauses were proportional to the prevailing duration, and the likelihood of the first response within an interval increased as the interval elapsed. To assess the resistance of these patterns to disruption, subjects were trained with a schedule that generated high response rates and short pauses (variable ratio). When the progressive-interval schedule was reinstated, pausing was attenuated and rates were elevated, but performances reverted to earlier patterns with continued exposure. The results indicated that temporal control by progressive-interval schedules, although slow to develop, is similar in many respects to that for fixed-interval schedules.     

Within-session Changes In Responding During Autoshaping And Automaintenance Procedures

Four pigeons were exposed to autoshaping procedures in which an 8-second light on a response key was followed by food. Pecks on the key had no scheduled consequences. Subjects were also exposed to negative automaintenance procedures in which a peck on the illuminated key canceled the following food. The intertrial interval varied from an average of 7 seconds to an average of 232 seconds in different conditions. Rate of responding usually changed within sessions during autoshaping. Responding also changed within sessions for the 1 subject that responded during negative automaintenance. The within-session patterns of responding were flatter, peaked later, and were more symmetrical around the middle of the sessions at lower rates of food presentation, regardless of whether subjects responded on autoshaping, negative automaintenance, or previously reported variable-interval schedules. These results imply that similar variables produce within-session changes in responding during both classical (Pavlovian) and operant conditioning procedures.     

EFFECTS OF SPACED RESPONDING DRL ON THE STEREOTYPED BEHAVIOR OF PROFOUNDLY RETARDED PERSONS

Stereotypic responding and social behaviors of three profoundly retarded children were measured before and during application of a DRL contingency for stereotypic responding. A variant of the standard DRL procedure, spaced responding DRL, was used, in which reinforcement is delivered following a response if that response has been separated from the previous response by at least a fixed minimum time interval. Three children were treated by using a reversal design. Results showed that: (a) during baseline sessions, the children engaged in high rates of stereotypic responding and very low rates of appropriate social behavior; and (b) during DRL sessions, appropriate behavior increased markedly as stereotypic responding was reduced. The data suggest that spaced responding DRL may be effective in increasing appropriate social behavior as well as in reducing stereotypic responding.     

Defining behavioral contrast for multiple schedules

Two different definitions of behavioral contrast have been used for multiple schedules. One, interschedule, definition identifies contrast as changes in the rates of responding which occur when subjects move from one multiple schedule to another. The other, intraschedule, definition emphasizes changes in the rates of responding which occur relative to a baseline rate of responding. The baseline is the rate of responding emitted during a multiple schedule that supplies equal rates of reinforcement in the two components. The distinction between these two definitions is important for empirical and theoretical reasons. For example, theoretical confusion has arisen when the interschedule definition has been used to test and reject theories which implicitly define contrast by the intraschedule definition.     

GENERALIZED IMITATION AND RESPONSE-CLASS FORMATION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM

An experimental analysis of imitation was conducted to examine the influence of response topography on generalization of imitation across three response types. Four children with autism were presented with both reinforced training trials and nonreinforced probe trials of models from vocal, toy-play, and pantomime response types. The probe trials were used to examine generalization within each response type. A multiple baseline design was used to analyze percentage of matching and nonmatching responses to models across response types. This study, the first to analyze imitative response classes in children with autism, showed that imitation generalized from reinforced training models to nonreinforced probe models within a response type, but it did not generalize across response types. Thus, functional response classes determined by topographical boundaries were exhibited within generalized imitation.