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121.
GUNY GuBJ
RNSD
TTIR 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1995,36(4):327-342
The role of task content, gender, social class and cognitive ability in performance on two formal operational tasks is explored in this paper. The participants were 110 Icelandic 12-year-olds, early and late developers, males and females from all socio-economic groups. Two tasks of variable isolation (the pendulum and three content versions of the “plant” problem) and two measures of volume conservation (three traditional tasks and three tasks formally identical whose content was pictorial social play) were presented individually in a school setting. The results suggest that content variations have differential consequences for the performance of early and late developers at age 12. Both the nature of logical competence and task content affect solutions, as suggested by Overton and collaborators in 1987. Some social class and gender differences were observed on two Piagetian tasks (pendulum and volume), which was reduced by changing the task content in the case of social class but not in that of gender. As the gender difference in volume conservation was not reflected ins chool achievement nor on other cognitive tasks it was interpreted as a gender bias. The findings are discussed in view of recent literature on the development of cognitive theory with increased emphasis on context and meaning in a post-structural intellectual climate. 相似文献
122.
Elena F. Brand Brian Lakey Shirley Berman 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(1):117-135
Investigated the effects of a 13-week preventive, psychoeducational intervention program to improve perceived social support.
Fifty-one, low-perceived support, community residents were randomly assigned to an intervention or wait-list control condition.
Intervention subjects received training in social skills and cognitive reframing regarding the self and social relations.
The intervention led to increased perceived social support from family, but not from friends. As hypothesized by social cognition
models, increases in perceived support appeared to be mediated by changes in self-esteem and frequency of self-reinforcement.
Further, such changes in cognition about the self were larger than the changes observed for perceived support, suggesting
that it may be easier to change cognition about the self than perceptions of support. 相似文献
123.
Shi-Xu 《Argumentation》1995,9(2):371-398
Traditionally, attitudes are supposed to predict behavior. However, due to their poor performance, we are sometimes advised to abandon the notion. The present study attempts to preserve the concept but takes attitudes to be evaluative goals accomplished through interactional, especially argumentative and explanatory activities. The paper uses reasoned-discourse analysis and demonstrates the attainment of positive attitudes towards the Dutch by expatriate Chinese intellectuals in the Netherlands by attending to a variety of argumentative and explanatory strategies in their interview talk. Results suggest that there is good empirical reason to believe that attitudes are accomplishments of communicating actors' rhetorical contextualizations. 相似文献
124.
Gordon J. DiRenzo 《Journal of Adult Development》1995,2(4):275-281
A comprehensive analysis of socialization requires a complex model that both explicates and synthesizes the various subprocesses involved in this phenomenon. Traditional concerns with socialization that have focused almost exclusively on its objective functions, that is, on those which serve society and its institutions, need to be complemented by an equal emphasis on subjective functions in terms of the sociological and psychological development of the individual. Chiefly relevant in this latter respect is the production of basic human needs and the consequences that result from their inadequate gratification in unauthentic and/or unresponsive societies. One such outcome that is particularly crucial to both personal and societal function is that of alienation, which can be assessed specifically in terms of its significance for civic participation. Our model recognizes the limits of both human systems and social systems; and, in terms of the principles of authenticity and responsivity, it articulates the linkage among these systems constituting the essence of socialization. Our model also provides an implicit clarification of the nature and meaning of citizenship in a democracy, which by definition should be a responsive society, and delineates the required sociopsychological images for maximizing the role of political participation. 相似文献
125.
Rosemerry R. Blash M.S. Donald G. Unger Ph.D. 《Journal of child and family studies》1995,4(3):359-373
The role of perceived efficacy, parent support, and community involvement in the self-esteem and ethnic identity of 68 African-American male youth were investigated in this research. The results provided support for the distinctiveness of ethnic identity and self-esteem. A sense of mastery was positively associated with both self-esteem and ethnic identity. Parent support was associated with self-esteem, while community involvement and an appreciation of African-American heritage were positively related to ethnic identity. Implications for future research and the evaluation of prevention and support programs for youth are discussed. 相似文献
126.
Thomas G. Haring Ph.D. 《Journal of Behavioral Education》1995,5(2):123-149
This paper presents a behavioral model which proposes that operants are organized and regulated into systems of responding. Multi-operant theory proposes that operants are organized into response systems that interact to adapt behavior to the complexities of the environment. The operant is the interaction between behavior and the environment which includes the conditions under which responses may occur, the class of behavior that is likely to be effective in producing outcomes, and the antecedent conditions that define the context of behavior. A central feature of this theory is that operants within a repertoire are organized into regulated systems of responding. The mechanisms of regulation are themselves operants that are learned and controlled by processes that are the same as those that govern more overt behavior. Operants stand in relationship to each other in coordinated response systems with some operants directly affecting and organizing the performance of other operants. An important implication of the systemic nature of behavioral repertoires is that bringing some aspect of a behavior class under control of new variables may demonstrate a spread throughout the entire operant system depending on past histories linking the classes.deceased 相似文献
127.
The present paper takes a first step toward the integration of recent findings on brain dynamics and learning into established
fields of psychophysiological science.
Leading-edge studies of brain dynamics have shown that the brain manifests an inherent variability and that, when new stimuli
(i.e., “problems”) are presented to the organism, brain chaos increases. 相似文献
128.
Robert John Russell 《Zygon》1994,29(4):557-577
Abstract. This paper focuses on four passages in the journey of the universe from beginning to end: its origin in the Big Bang, the production of heavy elements in first generation stars, the buzzing symphony of life on earth, and the distant future of the cosmos. As a physicist and a Christian theologian, I will ask how each of these passages casts light on the deepest questions of existence and our relation to God, and in turn how these questions are being explored through ongoing research into the interaction between Christian theology and the natural sciences. 相似文献
129.
130.
The partial credit model is considered under the assumption of a certain linear decomposition of the item × category parameters
ih into basic parameters
j. This model is referred to as the linear partial credit model. A conditional maximum likelihood algorithm for estimation of the
j is presented, based on (a) recurrences for the combinatorial functions involved, and (b) using a quasi-Newton approach, the so-called Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) method; (a) guarantees numerically stable results, (b) avoids the direct computation of the Hesse matrix, yet produces a sequence of certain positive definite matricesB
k
,k=1, 2, ..., converging to the asymptotic variance-covariance matrix of the
. The practicality of these numerical methods is demonstrated both by means of simulations and of an empirical application to the measurement of treatment effects in patients with psychosomatic disorders.The authors thank one anonymous reviewer for his constructive comments. Moreover, they thankfully acknowledge financial support by the Österreichische Nationalbank (Austrian National Bank) under Grant No. 3720. 相似文献