Towards a Sociological turn in Contextualist Moral Philosophy

Contextualist moral philosophers criticise hands-off liberal theories of justice for abstracting from the cultural context in which people make choices. Will Kymlicka and Joseph Carens, for example, demonstrate that these theories are disadvantageous to cultural minorities who want to pursue their own way of life. I argue that Pierre Bourdieu's critique of moral reason radicalises contextualist moral philosophy by giving it a sociological turn. In Bourdieu's view it is not enough to provide marginalised groups or subgroups with equal access to public institutions and specific cultural rights—in some cases this may in fact be detrimental. He contends that scientists, politicians and other intellectuals have a duty to take seriously the social presuppositions of free deliberate choice and public opinion and to support cultural minorities with instruments to liberate themselves from their often precarious situation.     

National identifications and attitudes to national ingroups and outgroups amongst children living in the Basque country

This study investigated the development of national identification in children growing up in the Basque Country. The sample consisted of 246 children aged 6, 9, 12 and 15 years old who belonged to three linguistic subgroups: children who spoke only Basque with their parents in their home, children who spoke only Spanish in their home, and children who spoke both Basque and Spanish in their home. It was found that national identifications differed in the three linguistic subgroups. Furthermore, the three subgroups exhibited different evaluations of, and feelings towards, the national ingroup and a number of national outgroups. The positive and affective distinctiveness ascribed to the Basque and Spanish national groups was correlated with the strength of identification with the Basque and Spanish groups, respectively. The attitudes towards national outgroups which were exhibited by these children did not show any changes as a function of age. It is argued that the cognitive‐developmental account of the development of national attitudes is unable to explain the patterns of findings which were obtained, but that social identity theory can explain the correlation between the strength of national identification and the positive and affective distinctiveness which was ascribed to the ingroup. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

测量内隐态度的情感错误归因程序

情感错误归因程序（AMP）是一种新近发展出来的以投射为基本原理的内隐社会认知研究方法。AMP的内部处理机制可分为情绪的激发、归因以及猜测三个过程,每种过程都有其发生概率。AMP具有良好的信度和效度,最突出的特点是其对警告的抗拒性。此外虽作为一种相对性的内隐测量工具,但AMP也能很好地研究单一的态度对象。还介绍了几种新近出现的AMP改进范式。     

积极情绪与身心健康关系研究的进展

积极情绪与身体健康、心理健康和社会适应有密切的关系。首先,积极情绪不仅能够降低传染性疾病的感染风险,能够影响非传染性疾病病情、病程及死亡率。其次,积极情绪能够降低个体的心理易感性,使个体更好的应对负性或压力事件。最后,现有的研究表明积极情绪和社会交往存在相互促进的关系。现存的直接效应模型和压力缓冲模型解释了积极情绪直接和间接促进健康的机制。未来的研究还需在研究方法和模型完善等方面进一步改进。     

妒忌:一种带有敌意的社会情绪

妒忌是个体因为意识到别人拥有自己所缺乏的优势时体验到的一种消极感受,表现为自卑、敌意和怨恨的一种混合情绪,包括特质和状态两种界定角度.相似性、自我相关是妒忌的近因,资源竞争则是妒忌的远因,前扣带皮层、腹侧纹状体和腹中侧前额叶是妒忌加工和识别的相关脑区.妒忌影响人们的身心健康、攻击行为、道德行为、幸灾乐祸、亲社会性以及业绩表现.未来研究可以在善意妒忌、内在机制、进化视角、文化差异等方面进一步扩展.     

择偶复制:一种适应性的性选择策略

择偶复制是一种择偶策略.在阐明择偶复制概念及研究范式的基础上,以阐述择偶复制影响因素的形式,介绍了择偶复制的研究成果、发展脉络.例如,性别影响择偶复制:相对于男性,女性被试更容易产生择偶复制;身体吸引力、性策略、年龄及性经验等影响择偶复制.在此基础上,进一步指出择偶复制的一般化是导致择偶偏好群体内一致性和群体间差异性的原因之一.最后,点明择偶复制的性质:基于社会学习的、适应性的性选择策略.     

刻板印象激活效应对社会分类的影响

采用改进的flanker范式,探讨了刻板印象激活效应对社会分类的影响,并考察了匹配刺激出现概率对刻板印象激活效应影响社会分类的调节作用。实验一发现,性别刻板印象激活后,按性别分类时,匹配刺激中和不匹配刺激中面孔分类反应时之间的差异是显著的,但按年龄分类时,二者间的差异不显著。实验二表明,匹配刺激出现概率为80%时和50%时,匹配刺激中和不匹配刺激中面孔分类反应时之间的差异是显著的;但当匹配刺激出现概率为20%时,二者间的差异不显著。结果表明,刻板印象激活效应对与该刻板印象对应的社会分类有显著的影响,对与该刻板印象无关社会分类不会产生影响。刻板印象激活效应对社会分类的影响受匹配刺激出现概率的调节。     

Vigilant self‐regulation,cues of being watched and cooperativeness

The present research examined the interplay of individual differences in self‐regulatory mechanisms as outlined in regulatory focus theory (promotion‐ and prevention‐focus) and a cue of being watched in the context of cooperative behaviour. Study 1 revealed that the more individuals' habitual self‐regulatory orientation is dominated by a vigilant prevention focus, the more likely they are to act cooperatively (i.e. to donate money to natural conservation organizations) when a subtle cue of being watched renders reputational concerns salient. In contrast, when no such cue is provided individuals' habitual vigilant self‐regulatory orientation is negatively related to cooperative behaviour. Study 2 replicated the results of the initial study and examined interpersonal sensitivity (empathic concern) as a potential mediator of the observed effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中学生社会问题解决能力的特点及其与社会适应的关系

采用问卷法,对2157名中学生社会问题解决能力的特点及其与社会适应的关系进行研究。结果发现:(1)从初中到高中,中学生的社会问题解决能力出现下降的趋势;男生在计划制定上显著高于女生,在人际沟通、支持寻求上显著低于女生;班干部的社会问题解决能力显著高于非班干部;(2)中学生的社会问题解决能力可分为建设型、一般型和不良型,所占比例分别为22.9%、42.8%、34.4%,建设型中学生的社会适应状况显著好于一般型和不良型;(3)社会问题解决能力与社会适应状况显著相关,其对积极的社会适应有显著的正向预测作用,对消极的社会适应有显著的负向预测作用;在社会问题解决能力各维度中,问题趋近和问题回避的预测作用最为突出。     

论战国墨家学派发展的四个阶段

依据墨家学说主旨、队伍组织、从事工作,特别是社会作用的不同,可将战国时期墨家学派的发展分为兴盛(公元前444年至公元前381年)、衰败(公元前381年至公元前311年)、转型(公元前311年至公元前250年)、重兴(公元前250年至公元前221年)四个阶段.兴盛阶段,墨家着力游说诸侯、传播学说、制止攻战、助弱国守城;衰败阶段,墨家学派分化内斗,三派弟子活动转型;转型阶段,“谈辩派”后学热衷于空言思辨,“说书派”后学被视为与儒家同类,“从事派”后学对“任侠之风”产生重大影响;重兴阶段,墨家学派声势复盛,“说书派”后学的宣传,“从事派”后学对墨家精神的继承,“谈辩派”后学与儒家、法家的尖锐争辩,都产生了重大社会影响.