Stereotypes and stereotyping: What's the brain got to do with it?

Influential social-psychological models suggest that perceivers frequently use information-processing strategies that result in the stereotype-based construal and treatment of other people. To elucidate in greater detail when, why, and how social encounters elicit stereotyping, researchers have begun to incorporate neuroscientific tools into their repertoire of investigative methods. The current article reviews these studies and considers their significance in light of existing theories of person perception, knowledge representation, and impression formation. Finally, using the concrete example of stereotyping, benefits and pitfalls of adopting a social neuroscience approach are discussed.     

从触摸的历史反思医学中触摸的应用

从触摸的定义、起源、应用发展演变阐明了其历史,并总结触摸在医学中的应用现状及特色。但由于历史、宗教、性别文化等因素的影响,触摸在医学中的应用存在一定障碍和困境,对这些应用困境进行反思,最终提出解决策略。     

学习与推行"恶性肿瘤诊治规范"是临床(肿瘤)医生紧迫而持久的任务

恶性肿瘤是迄今威胁人民生命健康最常见、最凶险的一大类疾病,关于它的诊断和治疗,既十分复杂而又涉及多学科协作,制定一种权威性的临床肿瘤诊治规范或指南,去规范临床(肿瘤)医生的医疗实践,有着多方面的重要意义,学习与贯彻指南需要采取一系列措施.     

浅谈内隐学习在大学英语教学中的应用

内隐学习是一种自动的、不易觉察的、对复杂规律敏感的学习,内隐学习与学科教学的结合是近年来内隐学习研究取得的新进展。结合大学英语教学的实际,对内隐学习在大学英语教学中的应用进行了思考并提出了几点认识。     

合理情绪行为疗法在士兵情绪疏导中的应用

合理情绪行为疗法强调认知对人的行为的决定作用,它提供了一种帮助战胜不合理信念、改变不良情绪的有效方式。把合理情绪行为疗法应用于士兵的情绪疏导工作中,对部队的稳定和发展具有积极的现实意义。     

One hundred years of neuropsychology in Japan: Retrospect and prospect

The development of neuropsychology in Japan since the end of the 19th century will be outlined, including a number of pioneering works that gave a scientific basis to contemporary Japanese neuropsychology. The activities of societies/associations of related disciplines as well as the educational systems of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, which represents in Japan an interdisciplinary field, will be described. After national and international activities are mentioned, a review of significant Japanese contributions to main topics in neuropsychology will be given in some detail: dementia, memory disorders, frontal lobe syndromes, aphasia-alexia-agraphia, callosal syndromes, and specific right hemisphere syndromes. The issues of these interdisciplinary scientific investigations have found application in language and cognitive disabilities of brain-damaged patients, as well as evaluation of medical treatments and comedical rehabilitational efforts, care, and counseling. Finally, some comments will be presented on possible and desirable developments of Japanese neuropsychology in the future.     

The Effects of Self-Correction Versus Traditional Spelling on the Spelling Performance and Maintenance of Third Grade Students

We examined the effect of self-correction versus a traditional spelling approach on the acquisition and maintenance of written spelling of elementary school students enrolled in third grade. Six students, who were at risk for spelling failure, served as subjects. During self-correction, students used a form with five columns that contained correct pre-written models of spelling words. After reviewing the word list, students folded back the first column, which contained the words. Then, they listened to their spelling list on individual cassette players and spelled each word in turn in the subsequent columns of the form. Students checked their spelling responses by unfolding the first column and matching their responses to the sample. Each correct spelling response was marked with a C incorrect spellings were fixed by writing the correct orthography above the word. During traditional spelling, students wrote each spelling word five times, using a pre-written model as a guide. Results showed a functional relationship between self-correction and improved spelling performance. Five of the six maintained a higher number of posttests words on maintenance probes. All students preferred the self-correction method over the traditional spelling method.     

自我提升的利与弊：理论、实证及应用

自我提升的适应价值问题目前备受心理学家关注。进化与认知神经科学研究者认为自我提升在演化史中具有潜在的适应价值, 它具有生物遗传性; 而社会心理学家发现, 自我提升在现实中的表现是利弊参半的, 主要存在三种理论解释：调节因素论、生态比拟论、多维多功能模型; 临床咨询心理学家在实践中提出的发展适应性自我提升的建议, 有助于趋利避害地将自我提升加以应用。未来的研究将聚焦于测量的改进、文化、发展及内隐研究等领域。     

药物经济学在疾病管理中的应用

随着近年来慢性病患者的增多,慢性病防治成本的增加,各国政府急需一种方法来降低慢性病患者医疗保健费用,减少卫生资源的浪费;而疾病管理作为解决上述问题的一种有效模式,本文讲述了其定义以及其实施的动因。同时指出药物经济学作为疾病管理中有效的评价工具及其在改善卫生保健资源利用方面的重大作用,阐述了其定义和评价方法,及其在疾病管理中应用时的选取,然后描述了其应用过程中存在的问题及解决对策。     

我国产后抑郁评估与诊断方法应用现状分析

早期评估与诊断是产后抑郁预防干预的第一步,通过分析国内产后抑郁评估与诊断方法的应用现状,为提高评估与诊断结果的科学性提供依据。发现爱丁堡产后抑郁量表为筛查首选量表,分析显示采用同一种量表和不同量表进行评估的检出率均有较大差异。因此,应根据研究特点选择适宜的筛查量表以提高不同研究结果的可比性,同时,需加强量表分界值本土化的研究。