小概率权重问题及其市场应用

探讨了决策制定中有关“小概率权重”的理论问题和市场应用问题。若干实验结果表明概率的权重大小不是绝对的,而是背景依赖的,在决策问题中价值对比降低或不存在时,小概率事件权重不太可能被高估。然而,对小概率的权重也会因决策人所处的目前状况有关,个体在财富状况等方面的差异会对小概率事件的赋权产生影响。实验结果还证明有关小概率权重问题的理论发现对彩票价格制定、保险费用确定以及选择有效的有奖促销策略具有重要的启示     

视知觉线索对幼儿小数离散量表征的影响

本研究采用数量辨别任务和数量比较的干扰任务考察了元素累积面积和元素特征丰富度两种视知觉线索对3～6岁幼儿表征4以内离散量的影响。两个任务的被试分别为80名和74名。结果表明,幼儿在辨别小数离散量时并未表现出对元素累积面积的偏好;且幼儿能同时关注累积面积和饼干个数两个维度,从而辨别抽象的数量关系;这种辨别能力有随年龄提高的趋势,不能辨别组以3、4岁幼儿居多,他们辨别方形饼干的数量关系比辨别圆形饼干更容易。当元素累积面积干扰小数量比较时,幼儿数量比较的正确率随数量比例增大而降低,此时幼儿小数量表征不再精确;而当单个元素的知觉特征更鲜明时,即使仍存在元素累积面积干扰,其正确率也不再受数量比例的影响。这说明单个元素的知觉线索与整体知觉线索共同影响小数离散量表征,也提示着幼儿的小数量表征精确性可能并非稳定存在,小数量表征在特定条件下也需要借助模拟数量系统。     

贝伐单抗治疗实体肿瘤的临床研究进展

血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在肿瘤的发病机制中起着关键作用,其作为抗肿瘤治疗的重要靶点,已得到越来越多的关注.贝伐单抗(Bevacizumab,BEV)是一种血管内皮生长因子的单克隆抗体,是目前最受关注的分子靶向药物之一,自2004年经美国FDA批准上市以来,BEV已被用于多种实体肿瘤的治疗.本文就BEV关于治疗几类实体肿瘤的临床研究进展作一综述.     

Antisemitism in Sweden and Finland A documentation and a psychoanalytic discussion

Political developments in Sweden during the last decade, including a period of increased activities of the extreme right, coincide with a resurgence of previously suppressed antisemitic sentiments in the media and among politicians of different affiliations. Classical, often traditional Christian, antisemitic formulations are published in both Sweden and Finland in connection with media reports of the conflict between Israel and its neighbors. An increase of signs of anti-Jewish hatred among young Muslim immigrants in Sweden is described, as is the Rami-Bergman affair in the 1980s at Uppsala University in which a Professor of Theology testified under oath that there is a compelling Biblical commandment for Jews to kill strangers. Recent antisemitic statements made by high-ranking Finnish dignitaries of government, parliament and church against the background of 20'h century Finnish history are discussed and a government decision to deprive Israel of Finnish-made gasmasks during the American war against Saddam Hussein's Iraq is noted. We contend that traditional antisemitic thought patterns are visible in the Nordic countries and that they can be understood in terms of envy, the narcissism of small differences, the return of the repressed, and as representing an unconscious resentment against truthfulness.     

4例肾上腺区局限性Castleman病临床诊治分析

探讨肾上腺区局限性Castleman病的临床特点及诊治方法。回顾性分析4例经术后病理证实的肾上腺区局限性 Castle-man病患者的临床资料,并结合文献复习讨论Castleman病的临床特点及诊治方法。结果4例肾上腺区局限性Castleman病均顺利手术切除,术后随访1个月～22个月,未见肿瘤复发。Castleman病临床上少见,表现为不明原因的淋巴结肿大,临床表现无特异性,最终确诊依靠病理诊断。病变可发生在淋巴组织的任何部位,肾上腺区罕见,手术切除为首选治疗。     

The neuropsychological profile of vascular cognitive impairment not demented: A meta‐analysis

The most common cause of vascular cognitive impairment not demented (VCIND) is cerebral small vessel disease leading to diffuse subcortical white matter lesions. While many studies indicate that the core cognitive features of VCIND are executive dysfunction and impaired processing speed, this finding is not always consistent, and may be partially dependent on the comparison group applied. Hence, we undertook two systematic meta‐analytic reviews on neuropsychological test performance across eight cognitive domains: between VCIND and healthy controls (data from 27 studies), and between VCIND and non‐vascular mild cognitive impairment (nv‐MCI; data from 20 studies). Our quantitative synthesis of the research literature demonstrates that individuals with VCIND show weaknesses across all cognitive domains relative to healthy controls, with the greatest impairment in the domain of processing speed (Md = ?1.36), and the least affected being working memory (Md = ?.48) and visuospatial construction (Md = ?.63). When compared directly with nv‐MCI, individuals with VCIND had significantly greater deficits in processing speed (Md = ?.55) and executive functioning (Md = ?.40), while those with nv‐MCI exhibited a greater relative deficit in delayed memory (Md = .41). Our analyses indicate that disruption to subcortical white matter tracts impairs more cognitive processes than is typically thought to be directly related to the fronto‐subcortical network. The data also suggest that differing brain aetiologies can be responsible for similar cognitive profiles. Although the findings do not evince diagnostic value, they allude to the interconnectivity of disparate cognitive processes and call for further research on the behavioural outcome of network disruption.     

Performance-based and parent ratings of attention in children treated for a brain tumor: The significance of radiation therapy and tumor location on outcome

Children are at increased risk for cognitive difficulties following the diagnosis and treatment of a brain tumor. Radiation therapy (RT) and tumor location are commonly-cited predictors of neurocognitive functioning. Disruptions to foundational neurocognitive processes such as attention, working memory, and processing speed underlie declines on measures of general intellectual functioning. While several studies have examined visual sustained attention in pediatric brain tumor patients, auditory sustained attention has yet to be examined. This study employs a longitudinal design to examine performance-based and parent ratings of attention in children undergoing surgical resection of a brain tumor (n = 29) and treated with (n = 11) or without (n = 18) RT at 6.79 months post-surgery (baseline) and then again at 30.56 months post-surgery (follow-up). The measures include an auditory continuous performance test (CPT) and parent ratings of attention and hyperactivity on a behavior rating scale. Ultimately, children treated with and without RT performed similarly on performance-based and parent ratings of attention. However, the performance on the auditory CPT differed according to tumor location, with children with infratentorial tumors committing more inattention and inhibitory control errors compared to children with supratentorial tumors. Parent ratings did not differ according to tumor location, and parent ratings and auditory sustained attention performance are not significantly correlated. The findings are interpreted in the context of neurocognitive and brain development.     

肿瘤防治的自然观与适度治疗

近年来,科技的进步未能阻止世界范围内肿瘤死亡率的攀升。自然稳态失衡在肿瘤防治中扮演重要的角色。肿瘤作为自然存在的一种生物学现象,传统根治性的肿瘤治疗思路与策略客易造成肿瘤的过度治疗、引起机体免疫的崩溃与生存质量的低下。严峻的现实已为我们敲响警钟,肿瘤治疗思维须从对抗转向和谐。本文从自然观的角度去探究肿瘤与机体、肿瘤与自身微环境的关系,反思肿瘤研究思路和治疗手段,以为进一步肿瘤的防治提供一个更为广泛的、确切的思路。     

抑癌基因ARIDlA的研究进展

SWI／SNF复合物是一种ATP依赖的染色质重塑复合物。ARIDlA蛋白是SWI／SNF的亚基之一,具有非序列特异性DNA结合活性,参与DNA的复制、转录、修复、重组等。在消化道肿瘤、妇科肿瘤、肺腺癌等多种肿瘤中存在频繁的基因突变。可能通过上调P21、P53及下调c—Myc、E2F反应基因等发挥抑癌作用。本文介绍了ARIDlA基因的分子特征、作用机制及与多种肿瘤的关系,以期对该抑癌基因有全面深入的了解。     

Tumor Locus Moderates Anxiety Symptoms in a Pediatric Neuro-Oncologic Sample

Despite the prevalence of pediatric Central Nervous System (CNS) solid tumors, little is understood about patients' disease-related anxiety experience. Data from 25 remitted pediatric CNS tumor patients posttreatment were collected. Significant symptoms of anxiety were reported by 32% of patients. MRI studies showed all anxious patients had right cortical tumors or left cerebellar tumors. Confound analyses suggest these results are not better accounted for by demographic, disease, or treatment variables. These results evidence the risk some pediatric neuro-oncologic patients face for developing significant anxiety symptoms.