Parent reports of children’s working memory,coping, and emotional/behavioral adjustment in pediatric brain tumor patients: A pilot study

Neurocognitive problems in childhood survivors of brain tumors are well documented. Further, research has shown that problems in cognitive functioning may be associated with impairment in the use of complex strategies needed to cope with stress, including secondary control coping strategies (e.g., acceptance and cognitive reappraisal) which have been associated with fewer adjustment problems. The present study measured cognitive function, coping strategies, and adjustment in children ages 6–16 years at the time of brain tumor diagnosis and at two follow-up time-points up to 1 year post-diagnosis. In a prospective design, working memory was assessed in a total of 29 pediatric brain tumor patients prior to undergoing surgery, child self-reported coping was assessed at 6 months post-diagnosis, and parent-reported child adjustment was assessed at 12 months post-diagnosis. Significant correlations were found between working memory difficulties and secondary control coping. Secondary control coping was also negatively correlated with child attention and total problems. Regression analyses did not support secondary control coping mediating the association between working memory difficulties and child attention or total problems. These findings represent the first longitudinal assessment of the association between working memory, coping, and adjustment across the first year of a child’s brain tumor diagnosis and suggest a possible role for early interventions addressing both working memory difficulties and coping in children with brain tumors.     

RETHINKING THE ROLE OF SMALL‐GROUP COLLABORATORS AND ADVERSARIES IN THE LONDON KLEINIAN DEVELOPMENT (1914–1968)

The authors historically situate the London Kleinian development in terms of the small‐group collaborations and adversaries that arose during the course of Melanie Klein's career. Some collaborations later became personally adversarial (e.g., those Klein had with Glover and Schmideberg); other adversarial relationships forever remained that way (with A. Freud); while still other long‐term collaborations became theoretically contentious (such as with Winnicott and Heimann). After the Controversial Discussions in 1944, Klein marginalized one group of supporters (Heimann, Winnicott, and Riviere) in favor of another group (Rosenfeld, Segal, and Bion). After Klein's death in 1960, Bion maintained loyalty to Klein's ideas while quietly distancing his work from the London Klein group, immigrating to the United States in 1968.     

Seeking attention: an investigation of salesperson influence strategies used while selling to small retailers

The use of influence strategies is an integral component of the salesperson's role, while selling to retailers. However, it remains a chronically under-researched area, particularly so in emerging markets, which are distinct in terms of retail formats and salesperson challenges. In this study, we investigate influence strategies used by salespersons for selling to retailers in the dominant small retail format in India. Using a combination of observation techniques and in-depth interviews, we allow salesperson influence strategies at play to emerge. In comparison to extant literature, we find evidence for both universality and specificity in the types of influence strategies used at small retail. We identify ‘share of counter’ as a unique small retail phenomenon, potentially requiring a specific set of salesperson influence strategies to succeed. Based on this, a modified typology of salesperson influence strategies, specific to small retail, is proposed. We conclude with a discussion of theoretical and managerial implications for emerging markets, and offer suggestions for future research.     

临床活体部分小肠移植过程中矛盾现象及处理

从1999年至今、在国内我们率先成功地施行两例临床活体部分小肠移植术,在整个处置过程中出现许多的矛盾现象。如术前为纠正患者严重的营养不良,必须给予肠外营养支持。但是,长期的肠外营养又引起患者肝功能损害,使患者无法耐受手术;对受体来讲,当然是移植的肠管越长越有利,但是在活体移植的情况下供体只能有限地提供肠管,且肠管过长受体也无法接受;手术后患者必须应用有效的免疫抑制剂来防治免疫排斥反应,而机体在免疫抑制下极易发生感染,应用强效而广的抗菌素虽然可防治细菌的感染,但是可引起菌群的失调导致真菌感染;为防止血管内血栓的形成,需应用有效的抗凝剂,但同时可导致出血倾向等等。我们体会：正确地处理这些矛盾现象是我们成功的关键。首先要抓重点,抓主要矛盾,同时应对可能出现的问题有所感知并给与预防,尽可能避免副反应的发生。     

肿瘤抗原与肿瘤免疫

通过自身的免疫系统对肿瘤细胞进行杀灭已成为极具潜力的抗肿瘤手段。肿瘤抗原与机体对肿瘤细胞的免疫之间形成了一个此消彼长的矛盾关系,研究肿瘤研究自身的免疫学特性以及肿瘤细胞的免疫原性之间相互关系的问题已成为当前研究中的热点。一方面,可利用增强肿瘤细胞的抗原性来增强机体的免疫排斥反应;另一方面,纠正机体免疫系统的功能障碍,以增强其刺激免疫应答的能力,并辨证地分析了这两方面在肿瘤免疫排斥中的作用及相应的解决对策。     

The adaptive value of personality differences revealed by small island population dynamics

Whether differences in personality among populations really exist and, if so, whether they are only due to cultural and linguistic differences or have a genetically selected adaptive value, is a controversial issue. In this research, we compared three Italian populations living on three small archipelagos in the Tyrrhenian Sea (n = 993), with their corresponding neighbouring mainlanders (n = 598), i.e. sharing the same geographical origin, culture and language. We used an adjective‐based Big Five questionnaire in order to measure personality traits in four categories of individuals for each archipelago/mainland population: (1) original islanders; (2) non‐original islanders; (3) mainlanders and (4) immigrants to the islands. We further analysed original and non‐original islanders who had or had not emigrated from the islands. We found that islanders had different personality traits from mainlanders, the former being more conscientious and emotionally stable and less extraverted and open to experience. We also found that the subgroup of islanders whose ancestors had inhabited their island for about 20 generations in isolation (original islanders, n = 624) were less extraverted and open to experience than immigrants (n = 193). In contrast, immigrants retained the typical personality profile of the mainland populations. Lastly, emigrants from the islands (n = 209) were significantly more extraverted and open to experience than original and non‐original islanders who had never left their island (n = 741). We hypothesise that population differences in extraversion and openness to experience are more probably related to genetic differences which evolved rapidly, presumably through an active gene flow produced by selective emigration from the islands. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

促排卵治疗及其风险的探讨

促排卵药物在临床中的广泛应用,给不孕患者带来了希望,另一方面促排卵带来的风险也越来越引起人们的重视,如卵巢过度刺激综合征(OHSS)、妊娠并发症、出生缺陷和肿瘤等。因此,用哲学的观点客观地看待促排卵的成效与风险之间的关系有助于临床医生进一步提高促排卵安全性的认识,做出正确的决策。     

卵巢肿瘤蒂扭转误诊、漏诊分析

回顾性分析了我院10年间17例卵巢肿瘤蒂扭转病例,并从患者年龄、临床表现、辅助检查、治疗情况等方面对误诊、漏诊的原因进行了分析。发生在青少年、儿童的卵巢肿瘤蒂扭转误诊率为52．9％,发生在绝经后妇女者误诊率为29．4％,最易误诊为急性阑尾炎,临床医生应予以高度重视。     

医学人文素质教育与小班化教学

中国医学人文教育正处于起步、探索阶段,课堂教学是主要渠道和途径,而目前各校的医学人文教育采取的大班课教学方式影响了教学效果。从医学人文教育的理念和教育规律出发,并借鉴他国的经验,小班化教学应是落实人文教育的实效性一个中心环节。     

老年非小细胞肺癌治疗中存在的问题

肺癌已成为危害人类健康和导致死亡的最主要疾病,其中一半以上发生在老年人,且大部分为确诊时已为晚期,针对这些患者的诊断和治疗还存在很多误区,因多病并发所致的诊断延误、因恐惧所致的逃避、以及因对药物的过度依赖而对患者心理因素的忽视等,致使部分老年肺癌患者不能及时得到合理的治疗,值得引起临床医师的重视。