Transfer of conditioned fear and avoidance: Concurrent measurement of arousal and operant responding

A reversal design was employed for the analysis of transfer of fear and avoidance through equivalence classes. Two 5-member equivalence classes (A1-B1-C1-D1-E1 and A2-B2-C2-D2-E2) were established. Then B1 and C1 were paired with shock (CS+) and served as S^Ds in avoidance training (B2 and C2 were trained as CS-/S^∆s for avoidance). Further avoidance training followed with D1 and E1 (as S^Ds) and D2 and E2 (as S^∆s), with the first presentation of each of these stimuli serving as the first transfer test. Afterwards, aversive conditioning contingencies were reversed: B2 and D2 were paired with shock and trained as S^Ds for avoidance, B1 and D1 were presented without shock (CS-/S^∆s). Transfer was tested again with C1, E1, C2 and E2. This reversal was implemented to allow for the within-subject replication of transfer effects upon changes in the function of only a subset of each class's elements. Avoidance (key presses) and conditioned fear (skin conductance and heart rate) were simultaneously measured. Results show a clear transfer effect for avoidance, with between- and within-subject replications. For physiological measures, transfer effects in the first test could only be imputed on the basis of group-based inferential statistical analysis. Evidence for between-subject replication was weaker, with only a limited proportion of participants meeting the individual criterion for transfer.     

内插材料加工范式下语义加工水平(量)对内隐记忆影响的实验研究

基于内插材料加工对内隐记忆的干扰的研究范式(Martens＆Wohers．2002)所带来的启示，满足启动材料与目标词在语义线索上的匹配要求，根据启动材料的数量来控制语义加工水平(量)的大小，探索意识条件下和无意识条件下(阈限下)语义加工水平(量)对内隐记忆的影响。结果表明，无论是意识条件下．还是无意识条件下，内隐记忆成绩随语义加工水平的提高而提高。内插材料加工范式无疑是一种从更微观的角度探讨加工水平对内隐记忆的影响的较好的途径。     

Model and interactive algorithm of bi‐level multi‐objective decision‐making with multiple interconnected decision makers

Furthering a prior research on two‐person bi‐level multi‐objective decision‐making problems of the leader‐follower Stackelberg game, we present an extended model of bi‐level multi‐objective decision‐making with multiple interconnected decision makers at the lower level. In the model, the upper level decision maker acts as a leader and the lower level decision makers behave as the followers, and inter‐connections and interactions exist among these followers in decision‐making scenarios. Following the rules of leader‐follower Stackelberg game, we develop an interactive algorithm of the model for solving multi‐objective decision‐making problems and reflecting the interactive natures among the decision makers. Finally, the authors exemplify the model and algorithm, and draw a conclusion on points of contributions and the significance of this study in decision‐making and support. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A model for personality at three levels

People differ. How and why they differ are the fundamental questions for personality psychologists. In this article we address three levels at which people differ: within individuals, between individuals, and between groups of individuals. A dynamic model of personality is considered where traits are seen as rates of change in states in response to environmental cues. Within individuals, motivational and behavioral states show inertial properties and lead to an analysis of rates of change and latencies of behavior. Between individuals, the analysis is one of frequency and duration of choices. When individuals self select into groups reflecting shared interests and abilities, the structure of these group differences reflects the consequences of the self selection. Examples of the dynamic model are given for each level of analysis.     

成人注意缺陷多动障碍在内外源冲突时的表现:眼动的证据

在注意定向与维持上,注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)个体更容易受到外部刺激的干扰而导致目标任务加工进程受阻,表现出了注意定向反应的缺陷,但导致任务失败的原因是由于对突然出现的外部无关刺激的过度兴奋还是对内源性目标刺激的持续维持能力减弱,尚不清楚。研究采用反向眼跳范式、记忆导向眼跳范式和视觉导向眼跳范式,来探索成人ADHD内外源注意定向反应的情况,以及当二者发生冲突时,成人ADHD失败的可能机制。结果发现,在反向眼跳任务上,成人注意缺陷多动障碍组错误率更高,并且差异性显著。但在记忆导向眼跳任务中,成人注意缺陷多动障碍组与正常组的差异不显著。在视觉导向眼跳任务中,成人注意缺陷多动障碍组的正确眼跳潜伏期比正常组要短,且二者之间的差异显著。这说明,在内外源刺激反应的冲突导致的情境中,成人注意缺陷多动障碍的反应明显落后于正常个体,这种缺陷并非由于其维持内源性注意产生定向反应落后所导致的,而是与其外源注意定向反应过强有关。