短期目标和长期目标设置对投篮成绩,努力程度和状态焦虑的影响

这篇论文调查了短期目标和长期目标对投篮成绩、努力程度和状态焦虑的影响．８７名被试被随机分配到以下一个组中：（１）短期目标组,（２）长期目标组,（３）短期和长期目标结合组,（４）“尽力做好”组。实验时间为７周。研究结果显示：（１）结合目标组、短期目标组和长期目标组的投篮成绩显著优于“尽力做好”组;（２）结合目标组的投篮成绩提高幅度最大,其次是短期目标组和长期目标组,最后是“尽力做好”组,（３）结合目标组、短期目标组和长期目标组的投篮成绩随练习次数的增加而显著提高,（４）努力程度是结合目标组和短期目标组投篮成绩提高的调节变量。     

BEACHES: AN OBSERVATIONAL SYSTEM FOR ASSESSING CHILDREN'S EATING AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BEHAVIORS AND ASSOCIATED EVENTS

An integrated system for coding direct observations of children's dietary and physical activity behaviors was developed. Associated environmental events were also coded, including physical location, antecedents, and consequences. To assess the instrument's reliability and validity, 42 children, aged 4 to 8 years, were observed for 8 consecutive weeks at home and at school. Results indicated that four 60-min observations at home produced relatively stable estimates for most of the 10 dimensions. Interobserver reliabilities during live and videotaped observations were high, with the exception of “consequences” categories that occurred in less than 1% of observed intervals. Evidence of validity was provided by findings that antecedents were associated with respective dietary and physical activity behaviors. The five physical activity categories were validated by heart-rate monitoring in a second study. The Behaviors of Eating and Activity for Children's Health Evaluation System is appropriate for studying influences on diet and physical activity in children in a variety of settings.     

Psychodynamic assessment of changes in children with autism under psychoanalytic treatment

In this article the authors report insights into autism developed through their extensive experience of psychoanalytic therapy with children with autism. The fi rst stages of body psychic development are seriously disrupted by this pathology, resulting in primitive anxieties of falling and of being liquefi ed. These anxieties are connected to the fragile development of body ego and of its related spatiotemporal organisation. The changes in children observed by the authors during the therapeutic process lead them to offer a psychodynamic assessment tool, which revolves principally around the development of body ego. After the initial state of 'severe autism', the authors describe three stages: the stage of 'recovery of the skin' (Bick); the established 'symbiotic phase', subdivided into 'vertical then horizontal splitting of the body ego'; and fi nally the stage of 'individuation'. First, the authors describe the principal psychoanalytic approaches to autism and refl ect on the links possible with nonpsychoanalytic work.     

文本组织和结构化水平对中文信息搜索的影响

以高结构化中文信息为实验材料,探讨文本组织和结构化水平对信息搜索的影响。以文本组织形式为自变量,以材料的结构化水平为控制变量,以搜索时间和迷路指数为因变量。结果发现：线性文本的搜索时间显著长于低层次的超文本,但迷路程度显著低于所有类型的超文本;3种超文本无显著差异;对层次型超文本来说,4层次的搜索时问显著短于11层次。综合以前研究的结果提出,信息结构化水平虽然对层次深度的效应具有调制作用,但并不是影响超文本信息搜索的最主要因素。     

EXPLICATING THE IMPLICIT: THE LOCAL LEVEL AND THE MICROPROCESS OF CHANGE IN THE ANALYTIC SITUATION

This paper proposes a method of examining the micro-events of the analytic process that borrows heavily from developmental research. The increasing importance of illuminating the microprocess of interaction to understanding the process of change in analytic treatment is emphasised. A set of constructs and terminology is proposed for the study of the moment-to-moment interactive process in psychoanalytic therapy referred to as the local level. A theory of therapeutic action based on 'local-level' process is then explicated. Its central element involves a step-by-step process of 'fitting together', which leads to changes in implicit knowing through alteration of emotional procedures.     

声旁位置对形声字命名规则性效应的影响

已有证据表明, 低频形声字的命名存在规则性效应, 高频字则没有表现。但是, 这些研究所使用的全部或大部分实验材料可能均为声旁在右的字, 其结果也许仅能反映声旁在右字的加工规律。本研究通过三个实验考查了声旁在左与在右两种左右型字和声旁在上与在下两种上下型字的规则性效应, 探讨声旁位置对形声字命名规则性效应的影响。实验一仅考察了声旁在右的字, 结果重复了先前没有操控声旁位置研究中出现的低频字的规则性效应, 还发现高频字命名规则性效应的逆转; 实验二考察了声旁在左与在右的字, 发现声旁在右的低频字存在规则性效应, 而声旁在左的低频字则出现了规则性效应的逆转, 但声旁在右的高频字并不存在逆转; 实验三考察了声旁在上与在下的字, 发现声旁在下的低频字和声旁在上的高、低频字都出现了规则性效应, 而声旁在下的高频字则存在规则性效应的逆转。这些结果提示, 如果声旁在整字中处于易被激活的位置(右侧或下侧), 在低频字中会倾向于出现规则性效应, 在高频字中则可能出现逆转或缺乏规则性效应, 这也许会受到字频的制约; 在低频左右型字中声旁位置的改变也会导致命名规则性效应方向的转变, 但在低频上下型字中的表现要相对较弱。可以推测, 声旁位置是一种形声字的亚词汇成分的空间属性, 可以决定声旁语音激活的便利性; 整字字频则是一种词汇属性, 会通过调节整字的语音激活, 影响声旁语音作用于整字命名的亚词汇加工机制, 最终决定规则性效应的方向。     

风险条件下的跨期选择

跨期选择是指对发生在未来不同时间点上的结果做出权衡的决策过程。由于大部分跨期选择的情景都处于某种风险之中, 把风险变量纳入跨期选择的研究中则至为关键。针对以往研究在研究范围、理论构建、现实意义等诸方面的不足, 本研究拟采用实验室实验与纸笔测验相结合的方法, 深入揭示高、中、低三种概率水平下风险对跨期选择的影响特征, 探索其发生的机制、各类经典效应的大小。在此基础上, 根据全国不同地区的大样本调查结果, 了解各地区风险条件下跨期选择的差异及其与本地宏观经济指标(如, 消费者物价指数)的关联, 进而探讨研究的现实意义。本研究期望对风险条件下的跨期选择做出系统、全面的科学探索, 并为国家相关部门制定政策提供有价值的参考。     

Interpersonal similarity as a social distance dimension: Implications for perception of others’ actions

Building on the assumption that interpersonal similarity is a form of social distance, the current research examines the manner in which similarity influences the representation and judgment of others’ actions. On the basis of a construal level approach, we hypothesized that greater levels of similarity would increase the relative weight of subordinate and secondary features of information in judgments of others’ actions. The results of four experiments showed that compared to corresponding judgments of a dissimilar target, participants exposed to a similar target person identified that person’s actions in relatively more subordinate means-related rather than superordinate ends-related terms (Experiment 1), perceived his or her actions to be determined more by feasibility and less by desirability concerns (Experiment 3), and gave more weight to secondary aspects in judgments of the target’s decisions (Experiment 2) and performance (Experiment 4). Implications for the study of interpersonal similarity, as well as social distance in general, are discussed.     

SLE患者焦虑抑郁影响因素调查分析

为了探讨SLE（systemic lupus erythematosus）即系统性红斑狼疮患者焦虑抑郁心理影响因素,应用Zung焦虑自评量袁（Self—rating anxiety scale,SAS）和抑郁自评量表（self—rating depression scale,SDS）,对36例系统性红斑狼疮患者进行检测,辅以自行设计因素调查表进行相关因素调查。结果显示,SDS和SAS均分为49．70±11．3和42．13±8．9,与国内常模比较,差异有统计学意义,P〈0．01。单因素分析显示：对疾病的恐惧感、对病情了解程度、治疗效果、药物副作用、家庭经济状况、家庭支持、婚姻关系、睡眠质量、担心事业受影响、躯体症状的反复出现、社交娱乐活动受限、担心医护不精心12项因素与SLE患者抑郁焦虑状态的发生显著相关,P〈0．01。证明SLE患者抑郁焦虑心理与对疾病的恐惧感、治疗效果、家庭经济状况、睡眠质量等因素相关,这为心理干预提供了依据。