社会网络视角下儿童青少年同伴关系网络与欺凌相关行为的共同变化关系

欺凌是一种群体动态过程,同伴生态是欺凌发生发展的重要情境。虽然已有研究重视影响欺凌的同伴因素,但从群体动态关系视角细致探讨欺凌相关行为(欺凌、受欺凌和保护行为)发展变化的研究仍十分有限。从社会网络与欺凌相关行为相互影响的关键问题入手,重点考察欺凌相关行为在同伴关系网络中的发展进程,揭示了同伴关系网络的结构特征和内部关系作为欺凌相关行为是否发生、如何发展的重要生态标志,阐明了存在相同行为特征的个体分群汇聚的选择效应和群体内行为传染的影响效应。未来研究应结合多维社会网络、多类型网络结构和关系特征、不同欺凌角色以及我国本土化特点等进一步加强欺凌治理的群体生态研究,从而更好地为群体生态层面上的欺凌治理提供科学依据。     

助人情境中幼儿知恩图报意识的发展

研究选取北京市某幼儿园3~6岁幼儿共118名作为研究对象。以助人任务为实验情境,设置了慷慨施恩者VS吝啬者（情境一）、施恩者VS好人（情境二）和传承知恩图报意识（情境三）三种情境,研究幼儿在三种不同助人情境下知恩图报意识的发展关键年龄及发展趋势。结果表明,在情境一和情境二中的知恩图报意识的发展关键年龄为5岁;情境三中幼儿知恩图报意识的发展关键年龄推测为6岁以后。各情境下知恩图报意识随年龄增长而提升。     

时间人格的结构与功能

时间人格是个体对时间情境稳定的适应倾向及能力特征, 其主要功能是适应时间情境并影响身心健康。已有的研究从时间洞察力、时间定向、时间管理、时间紧迫感、拖延性等方面对时间人格进行了探讨, 最近的研究则转向构建综合的时间人格结构模型。本文针对时间概念、时间人格概念和研究范式的争论, 提出未来的研究应继续完善时间人格结构模型, 加强外部影响因素研究, 补充过程研究、质性研究和跨文化研究, 并在进化论、文化学和脑科学方面获取支持。     

汉语言语产生中的词长效应

采用启动条件下的词汇命名和图片命名范式, 探讨在汉语言语产生中词长效应的产生机制, 考察概念激活、词条提取和语音编码对词长效应的影响。实验1和实验2表明, 词条提取过程并不影响在词汇命名中的词长效应, 支持多词素词整词通达表征的理论。实验3显示, 概念激活和语音编码共同影响在图片命名中的词长效应, 被试对长词的命名时间显著地长于对短词的命名时间, 对下属水平概念的词汇提取显著地慢于对基本水平概念的词汇提取。研究结果支持多词素词语音编码的序列性和基本水平类别优先习得的观点。     

飞行员情境认知的模糊综合评判

借用环境科学中环境质量评价的概念和方法,建立了飞行员情境认知的多级模糊综合评判模型,并用该模型对飞行员的情境认知进行了综合评判。研究表明,用模糊综合评判方法评价飞行员的情境认知可以提供真实、全面的飞行认知信息,为飞行员的训练有效性及安全性提供可靠依据。     

模糊容忍性：研究回顾、现状与展望

模糊容忍性是个体或群体面对一系列不熟悉的、复杂的、或不一致的线索时,对模棱两可的环境刺激信息进行知觉和加工的方式。基于国内外相关研究,文章回顾了模糊容忍性的概念界定和研究历史,认为当前研究现状集中于模糊容忍性的测量及其与组织、文化、个体认知和其他人格变量之间的关系方面。其中,模糊容忍性与创造性的关系尤其值得关注。文章据此给出了未来开展该领域研究的几点建议。     

Age-related differences in effectiveness of item restudy choices: the role of value

We examined the effect of value on effectiveness of restudy choices in younger and older adults by using an honor or dishonor procedure. In the honor condition, participants restudied the half of the items that they selected for restudy. In the dishonor condition, participants restudied the half of the items that they did not select for restudy. The results showed that younger adults restudied more low-value (1-point) items that they had rated as least-well learned, while older adults restudied more high-value (5-point) items. For younger adults, 1-point-value item performance in the honor condition was reliably higher than it was in the dishonor condition. For older adults, 5-point-value items performance in the honor condition was reliably higher than it was in the dishonor condition. These results suggest that older adults can exert effective restudy choices like younger adults when item value is manipulated.     

The proper sequence for correcting correlation coefficients for range restriction and unreliability

Corrections of correlations for range restriction (i.e., selection) and unreliability are common in psychometric work. The current rule of thumb for determining the order in which to apply these corrections looks to the nature of the reliability estimate (i.e., restricted or unrestricted). While intuitive, this rule of thumb is untenable when the correction includes the variable upon which selection is made, as is generally the case. Using classical test theory, we show that it is the nature of the range restriction, not the nature of the available reliability coefficient, that determines the sequence for applying corrections for range restriction and unreliability.We would like to thank Malcolm James Ree for his encouragement and helpful comments as well as those of the editors, associate editor, and reviewers.     

Clinically useful,research validated assessment of persons with alcohol problems

Advances in treatment approaches available for persons with alcohol problems, particularly the advent of cognitive behavioral and motivational approaches, have made systematic assessment of these problems more important than ever for clinicians. There is a plethora of assessment instruments available, and it is a difficult task for clinicians to conceptualize, select and use these instruments in a coherent fashion. Particularly important in this task is the identification of research validated instruments that provide both clinically useful and psychometrically sound data. This paper presents a model of alcohol assessment and reviews selected research validated instruments that can be assembled into an assessment battery that provides useful data to guide treatment of alcohol problems while also addressing practical concerns encountered by clinicians in practice.