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211.
道德领域亦存在框架效应,但有关这类偏差的研究仍然存在不足。研究以600名大学生为对象,以亚洲疾病和工厂风波两类经典情境为实验情境,设置正面和负面两类属性框架,以研究道德判断的框架效应。结果发现,在面临道德判断情境时,在正面框架下被试倾向于选择确定性方案,而在负面框架下被试倾向于选择风险性方案; 在正面框架下被试倾向于评价风险性方案更违背道德,在负面框架下则认为确定性方案更违背道德; 被试对情境中人物选择确定性或风险性方案道德之可谴责性评价与确定性或风险性方案本身之道德违背性评价的判断并不一致:在正面框架下,若情境中人物选择风险性方案,被试认为其行为更应受到谴责; 但在负面框架下,被试对情境中人物选择确定性方案和风险性方案在道德上应受谴责性的评价并无显著差异。研究还发现道德判断框架效应存在性别差异,负面框架下女生更为风险寻求。 相似文献
212.
Maria Nordfang 《Visual cognition》2018,26(4):285-298
In “hybrid” search, observers search a visual display for any of several targets held in memory. It is known that the contents of the memory set can guide visual search (e.g., if the memorized targets are all animals, visual attention can be guided away from signs). It is not known if the visual display can guide memory search (e.g., if the memory set is composed of signs and animals, can a visual display of signs restrict memory search to just the signs?). In three hybrid search experiments, participants memorized sets of items that belonged to either one or several categories. Participants were then presented with visual displays containing multiple items, also drawn from one or several categories. Participants were asked to determine if any of the items from their current memory set were present in the visual display. We replicate the finding that visual search can be guided by the contents of memory. We find weaker, novel evidence that memory search can be guided by the contents of the visual display. 相似文献
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为探讨粘附分子CD18、CD54和血小板CD62、CD63表达变化与急性脑梗塞(ACI)发病之间的关系,本文应用流式细胞仪(FCM)检测了52例ACI患者治疗前后CD18、CD54与CD62p、CD63两者的表达水平,并与30例正常人作对照。结果显示,脑梗塞组治疗前两者的表达水平均明显上调,与正常对照组比较均有显著差异... 相似文献
216.
"境遇学"是如何应对境遇的"学问",其着眼点在于提升个体生命的"境界".<周易>是集中体现中国古代"境遇学"的一部代表性著作.<周易·大象传>所预设的境遇是方方面面的,其应对之方也是随宜变化的,其中体现着非凡的道德智慧.但它属于"不占之易",可操作性不强.当代西方的SWOT分析法(又称"态势分析法")从优势、劣势、机会威胁四个方面作企业战略研究与个人生涯规划分析,与<周易>境遇学有很强的互补性.本文尝试将中国古老的"<周易>境遇学"与当代西方"SWOT分析法"相结合,提出<周易>境遇学SWOT分析法". 相似文献
217.
《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(10):1991-2013
When making inferences, people are often confronted with situations with incomplete information. Previous research has led to a mixed picture about how people react to missing information. Options include ignoring missing information, treating it as either positive or negative, using the average of past observations for replacement, or using the most frequent observation of the available information as a placeholder. The accuracy of these inference mechanisms depends on characteristics of the environment. When missing information is uniformly distributed, it is most accurate to treat it as the average, whereas when it is negatively correlated with the criterion to be judged, treating missing information as if it were negative is most accurate. Whether people treat missing information adaptively according to the environment was tested in two studies. The results show that participants were sensitive to how missing information was distributed in an environment and most frequently selected the mechanism that was most adaptive. From these results the authors conclude that reacting to missing information in different ways is an adaptive response to environmental characteristics. 相似文献
218.
《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(4):664-679
Under conditions of volitional control in multitask environments, subjects may engage in a variety of strategies to guide task selection. The current research examines whether subjects may sometimes use a top-down control strategy of selecting a task-irrelevant stimulus dimension, such as location, to guide task selection. We term this approach a stimulus set selection strategy. Using a voluntary task switching procedure, subjects voluntarily switched between categorizing letter and number stimuli that appeared in two, four, or eight possible target locations. Effects of stimulus availability, manipulated by varying the stimulus onset asynchrony between the two target stimuli, and location repetition were analysed to assess the use of a stimulus set selection strategy. Considered across position condition, Experiment 1 showed effects of both stimulus availability and location repetition on task choice suggesting that only in the 2-position condition, where selection based on location always results in a target at the selected location, subjects may have been using a stimulus set selection strategy on some trials. Experiment 2 replicated and extended these findings in a visually more cluttered environment. These results indicate that, contrary to current models of task selection in voluntary task switching, the top-down control of task selection may occur in the absence of the formation of an intention to perform a particular task. 相似文献
219.
《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2013,25(2):125-133
The information gain model argues that participants select alternatives with a larger expected value of information gain. The present study investigated risk aversion in information seeking to examine whether the expected value always determines information-seeking behaviour. For this investigation, we used a scale method selection task in which participants were required to select one of two scales for weighing coins in order to find an underweight coin. Two experiments showed that participants more frequently selected the alternative that provided information gain without risk, although its expected information gain was smaller. This finding indicates the presence of risk aversion in information seeking, suggesting that information-seeking behaviour is affected by risk associated with obtaining information gain. 相似文献
220.
Potential Effects of Faking on the NEO-PI-R: Willingness and Ability to Fake Changes Who Gets Hired in Simulated Selection Decisions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christopher Winkelspecht Philip Lewis Adrian Thomas 《Journal of business and psychology》2006,21(2):243-259
The impact of response distortion (faking) on selection decisions was investigated. Participants (N = 224) completed the NEO-PI-R under instructions to “make the most favorable impression” and/or “answer honestly.” Those instructed to fake were often over-represented at the top of the score distributions as instructions to fake resulted in higher scores both between and within groups in a test–retest situation. There was significantly lower correspondence between participants’ honest scores and their faked scores as well as multiple instances where participants with unfavorable honest scores subsequently produced the most favorable scores when faking. Response distortion may remain a serious threat to the use of personality test scores in selection.
相似文献
Adrian ThomasEmail: |