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101.
Vincent Fella Hendricks Arne Jakobsen Stig Andur Pedersen 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2000,31(2):277-305
Engineering science is a scientific discipline that from the point of view of epistemology and the philosophy of science has
been somewhat neglected. When engineering science was under philosophical scrutiny it often just involved the question of
whether engineering is a spin-off of pure and applied science and their methods. We, however, hold that engineering is a science
governed by its own epistemology, methodology and ontology. This point is systematically argued by comparing the different
sciences with respect to a particular set of characterization criteria.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
102.
Inaction inertia refers to the effect that missing a more attractive opportunity decreases the likelihood to act on an attractive current opportunity in the same domain. We studied the influence of how people cope with negative decision outcomes (i.e., action vs. state orientation) on this inaction inertia effect. Experiment 1 used an experimental induction of action vs. state orientation and confirmed our prediction that state oriented people showed more inaction inertia than action oriented people. Experiment 2 replicated these results with a measure of chronic action orientation and showed a mediating effect of valuation of the current opportunity. Experiment 3 showed that temporal segregation of the current from the missed opportunity decreased inaction inertia effects for state oriented, but not for action oriented people. We discuss the implications of these results for the inaction inertia and action vs. state orientation literatures. 相似文献
103.
Two types of calculation processes have been distinguished in the literature: approximate processes are supposed to rely heavily on the non-verbal quantity system, whereas exact processes are assumed to crucially involve the verbal system. These two calculation processes were commonly distinguished by manipulation of two factors in addition problems: the identity of the target and the distance of the distractor. However, in all previous studies, these two factors were not manipulated independently. In this fMRI study, we could disentangle the two factors by using a different (two-digit) number stimulus set. Both behavioral and neurofunctional data suggest that the cognitive processes involved could be best explained by the (independent) factors target and distractor distance. Based on these data we suggest that the exact/approximate distinction does not seem to be as generally valid as previously assumed. We conclude that this study may be a starting point for a closer examination of the experimental, procedural and strategic conditions of when the exact/approximate distinction is valid and when it is not. 相似文献
104.
Framing effects are considered in a conversational framework using the well-known Asian Disease problem [Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211, 453–458]. Speakers’ preferred message framing is examined and its corresponding persuasiveness is assessed using listeners’ responses. The results show that speakers exhibit a marked and consistent preference for positive over negative framing (Experiment 1). Judged from listeners’ responses, this preference is effective for promoting riskless, but not risky options. The incompatibility between speakers and listeners may be resolved by noting that speakers can jointly (i.e., comparatively) assess the information and the persuasive qualities of alternative frames. In contrast, listeners are exposed only to one of these frames and, consequently, can only assess the information separately (i.e., non-comparatively). Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrate that no incompatibility exists when both speakers and listeners are either in separate, or in joint evaluation mode. Differences between risky choice and attribute framing [Levin, I.P., Schneider, S.L., & Gaeth, G.J. (1998). All frames are not created equal: a typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76, 149–188] are briefly discussed. 相似文献
105.
Gang Liu 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2007,2(1):95-114
The research programme of the philosophy of information (PI) proposed in 2002 made it an independent area or discipline in
philosophical research. The scientific concept of ‘information’ is formally accepted in philosophical inquiry. Hence a new
and tool-driven philosophical discipline of PI with its interdisciplinary nature has been established. Philosophy of information
is an ‘orientative’ rather than ‘cognitive’ philosophy. When PI is under consideration in the history of Western philosophy,
it can be regarded as a shift of large tradition. There are three large traditions at large, known as Platonic, Kantian and
Leibniz-Russellian. In the discussion of the position of the possible worlds, we have modal Platonism and modal realism, but
both of the theories are made in the framework of Western philosophy. In this essay, it is argued that possible worlds could
be seen as worlds in information, which is then an interpretation of modal information theory (MIT). Our interpretation is
made on the basis of Leibniz’s lifelong connection with China, a fact often overlooked by the Western philosophers. Possible
world theory was influenced by the Neo-Confucianism flourishing since the Song Dynasty of China, the foundation of which is
Yijing. It could be argued that Leibniz’s possible world theory was formulated in respect to the impact of the thoughts reflected
in Yijing, in that one of the prominent features is the model-theoretic construction of theories. There are two approaches to theory
construction, i.e., axiom-theoretic and model-theoretic. The origin of the former is from ancient Greece and the latter from
ancient China. And they determined the different features of theoretic structures between the oriental and occidental traditions
of science and technology. The tendency of the future development of science and technology is changing from the axiom-theoretic
to the model-theoretic orientation, at least the two approaches being complementary each other. To some extent, this means
the retrospective of tradition in the turning point of history, and some of the China’s cultural traditions might become the
starting points in formulating the future Chinese philosophy of science and technology. 相似文献
106.
If and Then: A Critique of Speculative NanoEthics 总被引:7,自引:4,他引:3
Alfred Nordmann 《Nanoethics》2007,1(1):31-46
Most known technology serves to ingeniously adapt the world to the physical and mental limitations of human beings. Humankind
has acquired awesome power with its rather limited means. Nanotechnological capabilities further this power. On some accounts,
however, nanotechnological research will contribute to a rather different kind of technological development, namely one that
changes human beings so as to remove or reduce their physical and mental limitations. The prospect of this technological development
has inspired a fair amount of ethical debate. Here, proponents and opponents of such visions of human enhancement are criticized
alike for engaging in speculative ethics. This critique exposes a general pattern that extends to other nano-, bio-, or neuroethical
debates. While it does not apply to all discussions of “enhancement technologies” it does apply to all ethical discourse that
constructs and validates an incredible future which it only then proceeds to endorse or critique. This discourse violates
conditions of intelligibility, squanders the scarce and valuable resource of ethical concern, and misleads by casting remote
possibilities or philosophical thought-experiments as foresight about likely technical developments. In effect, it deflects
consideration from the transformative technologies of the present.
相似文献
Alfred NordmannEmail: |
107.
Takehiro Fujihara Takaya Kohyama J. Manuel Andreu J. Martin Ramirez 《Aggressive behavior》1999,25(3):185-195
Six hundred and thirty‐two university students of both sexes—242 Japanese (137 males and 105 females), 190 Spanish (71 males and 119 females), and 200 American (100 males and 100 females)—completed a questionnaire that examined their attitudes toward various kinds of aggression directed at other people in different situations that ranged from self‐defense to a method of overcoming communication problems. Factor analysis revealed three factors: physical aggression (killing, torture, and hitting), direct verbal aggression (shouting and rage), and indirect verbal aggression (being ironic and hindering). The basic factor structure of the Japanese, the Spanish, and the USA samples was similar. In all samples, men showed a higher justification of physical aggressive acts in any situation and of indirect verbal aggression in nondefensive circumstances. Cultural differences were found in the degree of justification of the three factors: in all kinds of situations, Japanese students showed a lower justification of indirect verbal aggression but a higher justification of direct verbal aggression than USA and Spain samples. Physical aggression in defensive situations is justified more by Americans than by Japanese and Spanish students. These findings suggest the existence of a common basic moral code about physical aggressive acts, but there seems to be a cultural influence on moral codes concerning verbal aggressive acts. Oriental cultures, with an interdependent construal of self, seem to be more permissive of direct verbal aggression compared with Western cultures, but they have less tolerance for indirect verbal aggression. There were practically no significant differences between American and Spanish scores. Aggr. Behav. 25:185–195, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
108.
Res Publica - Re-framing discussion of the question, “What is law?“ in terms of the contexts in which the whole question makes sense allows us to see that jurisprudence is about... 相似文献
109.
John J. Furedy Ph.D. Boris Damke Wolfram Boucsein 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2000,35(1):17-34
Numerous studies have indicated that, consistent with current “cognitive” accounts of information processing, human Pavlovian
autonomic discrimination acquisition cannot occur without awareness of the CS-US relationship. However, extinction studies
have suggested that awareness is not necessary, findings that, in information-processing terms, have been explained by assuming
that the processing by the extinction stage is parallel (automatic) rather than serial (controlled). This explanation was
tested in an 80-subject study. The first, acquisition phase was a standard semantic differential conditioning arrangement
with a 96-db white noise as US, and a “long” CS-US interval of 8 s, with ten trials each of CS+ (paired with US) and CS− (unpaired)
trials. In extinction (USs omitted), in order to obtain non-autonomic indices of processing and thereby test the information-processing
account of “unaware” autonomic conditioning during extinction, a dichotic listening task was implemented, with the CSs presented
in the unattended channel (ear), while the subject had to perform a semantic differential reaction task in an attended-to
channel (other ear). In early extinction, the electrodermal response occurring at an interval of 9–15 s after CS onset (i.e.,
following placement of the US during acquisition) and the finger-pulse-volume response occurring at an interval of 4–11 s
after CS onset both showed reliable conditioning, but reaction-time and subjective-report data for the recognized critical
words indicated serial rather than parallel processing of the CSs during extinction. 相似文献
110.
Tamar Kron 《The Journal of analytical psychology》2020,65(1):75-87
Continuous stress and trauma are manifested in dreams, the study of which can expand our knowledge concerning unconscious reactions to trauma and efforts of coping with continuous traumatic situations. In our research we asked people living under continuous threat of rocket attacks to record their dreams and their associations to them during four consecutive weeks. We collected 609 dreams from 44 women and 18 men (age range 14-62). The dreams submitted were analysed according to the Jungian approach in the light of the information and associations presented by the subjects. Full dream series of dreamers from each group were analysed in an attempt to capture the depth-psychological experience of living and dreaming under fire. The most frequent themes found were: ‘concrete vs. symbolic', ‘togetherness', ‘active ego', ‘fear and anxiety', ‘shadow' and ‘personal issue'. The subjects were divided into three age groups. Differences between the occurrences of themes were examined. On the unconscious level our results showed that the adolescents group seemed to be the most vulnerable to the stress situation (preponderance of concrete dreams), the mature adults group was the least influenced by it (preponderance of symbolic dreams and of the ‘personal issue' theme) and the young adults group made the greatest psychological efforts for coping (preponderance of ‘active ego' theme). We noted few anima figures appearing in the men's dreams, while animus figures appeared in the women's dreams. In another study undertaken immediately after one of the recent wars in Gaza we collected dreams of Israelis living in the south of Israel who were under heavy daily rocket attacks, and dreams of Palestinians living in the West Bank. The most significant difference we found between the groups was a preponderance of symbolic dreams among the Palestinians, as opposed to a preponderance of concrete trauma dreams among the Israeli group living on the Gaza border. In both groups we found archetypal symbols of evil. In conclusion, dreams can help us detect emotional distress, even when subjects seem ‘ok'. Early detection and working with dreams can help prevent the severity of delayed PTSD. 相似文献