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981.
The original Brouwerian counter examples were algorithmic in nature; after the introduction of choice sequences, Brouwer devised a version which did not depend on algorithms. This is the origin of the creating subject technique. The method allowed stronger refutations of classical principles. Here it is used to show that negative dense subsets of the continuum are indecomposable. 相似文献
982.
The effectiveness of a prevention or intervention program has traditionally been assessed using time-specific comparisons of mean levels between the treatment and the control groups. However, many times the behavior targeted by the intervention is naturally developing over time, and the goal of the treatment is to alter this natural or normative developmental trajectory. Examining time-specific mean levels can be both limiting and potentially misleading when the behavior of interest is developing systematically over time. It is argued here that there are both theoretical and statistical advantages associated with recasting intervention treatment effects in terms of normative and altered developmental trajectories. The recently developed technique of latent curve (LC) analysis is reviewed and extended to a true experimental design setting in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment intervention or a control condition. LC models are applied to both artificially generated and real intervention data sets to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention program. Not only do the LC models provide a more comprehensive understanding of the treatment and control group developmental processes compared to more traditional fixed-effects models, but LC models have greater statistical power to detect a given treatment effect. Finally, the LC models are modified to allow for the computation of specific power estimates under a variety of conditions and assumptions that can provide much needed information for the planning and design of more powerful but cost-efficient intervention programs for the future. 相似文献
983.
984.
Jeremy A. Sabloff 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(3):347-354
This article examines the question of how can museum professionals and the interested public resolve the competing claims
of traditional ownership and continuing scientific research in relation to museum collections.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium entitled “Ethics in Science: Special Problems in Anthropology
and Archaeology” held at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Philadelphia,
PA, 15 February, 1998. 相似文献
985.
Development of international guidelines for research ethics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kaiser M 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(2):293-298
986.
To determine whether ethical issues concerned with field research are addressed in the peer-review process, instructions to
authors and reviewers of 141 (mainly natural science) journals were examined to ascertain how often ethical issues were mentioned.
Only one-third (n=41) of responding journals addressed ethical issues in their instructions to authors or reviewers. When
ethical issues were considered, most of the journals limited their concerns to ethical issues associated with animal and general
human experimentation. No journal mentioned ethical practices in working with indigenous peoples or on traditional lands.
Only two journals addressed the ethics of research in sensitive areas in their instructions to authors, only one in its instructions
to reviewers. We suggest that peer-reviewed journals respond to an emerging issue in ecological research by formally incorporating
research ethics into their instructions to authors and reviewers. Furthermore, these instructions should address the ethical
issues associated with field research and in working with indigenous peoples and on traditional lands. 相似文献
987.
Mishkin B 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(2):283-292
Substantial progress in handling scientific misconduct cases has been made since the first cases were investigated by the
NIH Office of Scientific Integrity in 1989. The successor Office of Research Integrity (ORI) has simultaneously reduced the
backlog of cases and increased the professionalism with which they are handled. However, a spate of lawsuits against universities,
particularly those brought under the federal False Claims Act, threatens to undermine the ORI by encouraging use of the courts
as an alternate route for resolving claims of research misconduct. Next steps should include establishing a government-wide
definition of scientific misconduct, providing immunity from lawsuits for institutions that follow proper procedures in investigating
charges of scientific misconduct, and participating in the development of international guidelines for maintaining scientific
integrity.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the symposium entitled “Misconduct in Science: A Decade of Progress or Merely
Years of Controversy” held during the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 13 February, 1998. 相似文献
988.
Hunter McEwan 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》1991,11(2):113-121
The division between theory and pedagogy is an example of the more traditional division between theory and practice. The paper deals with the artificiality inherent in the institutional separation of those scholars who study within a subject area and those who study the pedagogy of the subject. The paper discusses various theoretical accounts of the nature of English to make the case that theory is imbued with pedagogy. That is, theory is not neutral about teaching. How we teach is driven by our theoretical commitments to our subject. 相似文献
989.
The effect of a municipal enforcement program to improve residents' packaging of refuse was analyzed in a multiple-baseline design across two areas of a city. The enforcement program involved instruction concerning refuse-packaging regulations, collection only of appropriately packaged refuse, and feedback notices to residents concerning the reasons for noncollection of their inadequately packaged refuse. Both the number of violations and the percentage of residences violating each day were markedly reduced during the enforcement program. Furthermore, sanitation workers considered that the packaging of refuse and the safety and efficiency of refuse collection had improved. This study served as a pilot evaluation of a policy change in the city sanitation department, and was functional in determining the direction of that policy. 相似文献
990.