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11.
Michelle K. Jamieson Gisela H. Govaart Madeleine Pownall 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2023,17(4):e12735
Reflexivity is the act of examining one's own assumption, belief, and judgement systems, and thinking carefully and critically about how these influence the research process. The practice of reflexivity confronts and questions who we are as researchers and how this guides our work. It is central in debates on objectivity, subjectivity, and the very foundations of social science research and generated knowledge. Incorporating reflexivity in the research process is traditionally recognized as one of the most notable differences between qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Qualitative research centres and celebrates the participants' personal and unique lived experience. Therefore, qualitative researchers are readily encouraged to consider how their own unique positionalities inform the research process and this forms an important part of training within this paradigm. Quantitative methodologies in social and personality psychology, and more generally, on the other hand, have remained seemingly detached from this level of reflexivity and general reflective practice. In this commentary, we, three quantitative researchers who have grappled with the compatibility of reflexivity within our own research, argue that reflexivity has much to offer quantitative methodologists. The act of reflexivity prompts researchers to acknowledge and centre their own positionalities, encourages a more thoughtful engagement with every step of the research process, and thus, as we argue, contributes to the ongoing reappraisal of openness and transparency in psychology. In this paper, we make the case for integrating reflexivity across all research approaches, before providing a ‘beginner's guide’ for quantitative researchers wishing to engage reflexively with their own work, providing concrete recommendations, worked examples, and reflexive prompts. 相似文献
12.
R. J. Oostdam 《Argumentation》1990,4(2):223-234
To examine to what degree argumentation skills are mastered by pupils who attend the vocational, general and academic streams in Dutch secondary education various subtests were constructed. The theoretical study of argumentation as exposed by Van Eemeren and Grootendorst was the basis for this test construction. In this article tests for the identification of singular, multiple and subordinate argumentation are described. Also an account is given of a pretest of these three subtests. 相似文献
13.
Kimberly Hoagwood Ph.D. Ann A. Hohmann Ph.D. M.S.P.H. 《Journal of child and family studies》1993,2(3):259-268
This article describes an important new area of research on services for children and adolescents with mental disorders at the National Institute of Mental Health, the parameters of mental health services research for youth, and the opportunities that are available for grant-funded investigations in this area. 相似文献
14.
Testing a stochastic foraging model in an operant simulation: Agreement with qualitative but not quantitative predictions 下载免费PDF全文
Roberts WA 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1993,59(2):323-331
An operant simulation of foraging through baited and empty patches was studied with 4 pigeons. On a three-key panel, side keys were designated as patches, and successive opportunities to complete 16 fixed-ratio 10 schedules on side keys were defined as encounters with feeders. In a random half of the patches in any session, some of the fixed-ratio 10 schedules yielded reinforcement (baited feeders) and the other schedules yielded nonreinforcement (empty feeders). In the other half of the patches, all feeders were empty. Pigeons could travel between patches at any time by completing a fixed-ratio schedule on the center key. An optimal foraging model was tested in Experiments 1 and 2 by varying center-key travel time and number of baited feeders in baited patches. The ordinal predictions that number of feeders visited in empty patches would increase with travel time and decrease as number of baited feeders increased were supported, but pigeons visited far more feeders in empty patches than the optimal number predicted by the model to maximize energy/time. In Experiment 3, evidence was found to suggest that the number of empty feeders encountered before the first baited feeder in baited patches is an important factor controlling leaving empty patches. 相似文献
15.
Alice M. Hines 《American journal of community psychology》1993,21(6):729-746
Survey research with diverse cultural and ethnic minority groups is a complex and challenging endeavor that confronts the researcher with problems related to linguistic and conceptual equivalence and measurement as well as problems related to difficulties that respondents have with the sociocultural dimensions of the survey/interview process. One way to improve the quality of cross-cultural surveys and to insure that the findings are culturally relevant and accurate is to combine qualitative and quantitative methods. This paper proposes that certain qualitative techniques from cognitive science, specifically cognitive anthropology and cognitive psychology, are particularly well suited to being combined with survey research. These techniques provide information corresponding to the underlying thought processes of respondents and enable researchers to better understand how different cultural and ethnic groups construe the world. The information obtained can be used improve the formulation of survey questions, design and structure questionnaire formats to coincide with the way particular groups organize concepts, and help researchers understand difficulties respondents may have with the survey/interview process. In addition, the techniques produce data that are easily codifiable and more manageable than traditional qualitative techniques including participant observation and in-depth interviews. 相似文献
16.
Nancy A. Neef Jeffrey Lensbower Idil Hockersmith Valerie DePalma Kevin Gray 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1990,23(4):447-458
We analyzed the role of the range of variation in training exemplars as a contextual variable influencing the effects of in vivo versus simulation training in producing generalized responding. Four mentally retarded adults received single case instruction, followed by general case instruction, on washing machine and dryer use; one task was taught using actual appliances (in vivo) and the other using simulation. In vivo and simulation training were counterbalanced across the two tasks for the 2 subject pairs, using a within-subjects Latin square design. With both paradigms, more errors were made after single case than after general case instruction during probe sessions with untrained washing machines and dryers. These results suggest that generalization errors were affected by the range of training exemplars and not by the use of simulated versus natural training stimuli. Although both general case simulation and general case in vivo training facilitated generalized performance of laundry skills, an analysis of training time and costs indicated that the former approach was more efficient. The study illustrates a methodology for studying complex interactions and guiding decisions on the optimal use of instructional alternatives. 相似文献
17.
Expert research administrators responded to questions to determine to what degree they had postformal thinking skills. Postformal
theory suggests that the interpersonal and institutional complexity of work roles would make them likely to exhibit postformal
thought. The tests included a questionnaire about the use of postformal operations on the job, and thinking-aloud taped interviews
of responses to job-related and standard postformal problems. The respondents demonstrated the use of postformal thinking
operations on job-related tests and a more moderate degree of use on the standard problems. The results support prior research
and our working hypothesis that a high degree of interaction with people and complex problems is associated with adults' postformal
thought. 相似文献
18.
Ronald N. Kostoff Ph.D. 《Science and engineering ethics》1997,3(2):109-120
This paper addresses some critical issues in the applicability of quantitative performance measures (including bibliometric,
economic, and co-occurrence measures) to the assessment of basic research. The strengths and weaknesses of metrics applied
as research performance measures are examined. It is concluded that metrics have a useful role to play in the evaluation of
research. Each metric employed, whether bibliometric, economic, co-occurrence, or others, brings a new dimension of potential
insight to the complex problem of research assessment. However, when used in a stand-alone mode, metrics can be easily misinterpreted
and result in misleading conclusions. Metrics should be an integral part of a more comprehensive approach to research evaluation,
in which the leading role is assumed by expert peer review. Under this structure, the reviewers must be broadly constituted,
so that the technical correctness of the research approaches being taken (doing the job right) can be evaluated by technical
experts and the correctness of the research target (doing the right job) can be evaluated as well. This comprehensive approach
insures quality in the implementation of existing research paradigms and allows the introduction of revolutionary new research
paradigms as well.
The views contained in this paper are solely those of the author and do not represent the views of the Department of the Navy.
Ronald Kostoff received a Ph.D. from Princeton University, performed technical and economic research at Bell Laboratories,
managed energy programs at U.S. Department of Energy, was Director of Technical Assessment at the Office of Naval Research
for many years and presently manages the Navy’s In-House Laboratory Independent Research Program. 相似文献
19.
Shari B. Wasserstein Nadja Lopez Donald K. Routh 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1997,25(1):1-5
This issue, redesigned in a new format, marks the beginning of Volume 25, the beginning of the silver anniversary year of the Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. Data were compiled from the first 24 volumes to study changes over time, and Pearson correlations were calculated to determine linear trends in the journal's development The number of articles per volume has doubled, from about 25 to 50. In recent years the first authors of articles were more likely to be located outside the U.S. (up from about 5% to about 25%). Also, in recent years the first authors of articles were less likely to be affiliated with nonmedical school university departments and more likely to be affiliated with medical schools or research institutes. An introduction to this special 25th anniversary issue is provided. 相似文献
20.
Jean Knox 《The Journal of analytical psychology》1997,42(4):653-666
In this paper I discuss the ways in which experimental and objective research from cognitive science and developmental psychology can help analysts evaluate the theoretical models of mental objects which we use; I indicate the ways in which such evidence tends to support models of internal objects as mental representations or developmental capacities rather than as wish-fulfilling expressions of instinctual drives. This land of empirical evidence is not just of academic interest but also has direct clinical relevance, particularly with borderline patients; such patients' sense of identity is totally dependent on the analyst's understanding of their internal world and for this to be misunderstood by the analyst can be catastrophic. An accurate theoretical model of mental objects can therefore help analysts to contain their patients more effectively. 相似文献