简单算术对汉语特定句型的结构启动

结构启动是指个体在产生或理解一个结构时,倾向于重复使用或仿照刚刚加工过的结构。与句法启动不同的是,结构启动除了以句子,也可以以其它抽象结构作为启动项。Scheepers et al. (2011) 首次以具有结构偏向性的抽象算式作为启动项,证实了高附着和低附着的简单算式对英语母语者产出高附着和低附着关系从句具有结构启动效应。在此基础上,本研究引用数学算式作为启动项,以汉语特定句型结构NP1+有+NP2+恨+(AP)为切入点,分别选取汉语成人和儿童受试,检验简单算式对汉语母语者产出或理解特定句型的结构启动效应。本研究发现：1）算式结构对汉语特定句型的产出具有结构启动效应。2）算式结构对汉语歧义句的解读具有结构启动效应。3）儿童和成人在产出和理解的启动实验中具有不同结构启动效应,且儿童的结构启动效应比成人的结构启动效应更强。4）算式结构和语言句式在认知上具有共享的结构表征。     

Tests of Simple Slopes in Multiple Regression Models with an Interaction: Comparison of Four Approaches

In multiple regression researchers often follow up significant tests of the interaction between continuous predictors X and Z with tests of the simple slope of Y on X at different sample-estimated values of the moderator Z (e.g., ±1 SD from the mean of Z). We show analytically that when X and Z are randomly sampled from the population, the variance expression of the simple slope at sample-estimated values of Z differs from the traditional variance expression obtained when the values of X and Z are fixed. A simulation study using randomly sampled predictors compared four approaches: (a) the Aiken and West (1991 Aiken, L. S., &; West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) test of simple slopes at fixed population values of Z, (b) the Aiken and West test at sample-estimated values of Z, (c) a 95% percentile bootstrap confidence interval approach, and (d) a fully Bayesian approach with diffuse priors. The results showed that approach (b) led to inflated Type 1 error rates and 95% confidence intervals with inadequate coverage rates, whereas other approaches maintained acceptable Type 1 error rates and adequate coverage of confidence intervals. Approach (c) had asymmetric rejection rates at small sample sizes. We used an empirical data set to illustrate these approaches.     

The Young-Laplace equation associated with transverse shear stress within the surface layer of a solid

ABSTRACT

The Young-Laplace equation was firstly established based on a liquid film without shearing resistance. It is not valid for a solid. By taking into account the in-plane shearing and transverse shearing within a surface layer, we reconstruct the Young-Laplace equation for a solid. This new version shows that the equilibrium of a solid surface is determined by the bulk stress, the surface membrane stress and the transverse shear stress acting together. The transverse shear stress depends on the gradient of the Gaussian curvature of the surface and the strain. The intrinsic membrane stress and transverse shear stress cause residual stresses to appear in the interior of the solid. The intrinsic transverse shear stress occurs only in a non-spherical shaped body.     

Two different types of shear-deformation behaviour in Au–Cu multilayers

Localised shear deformation of a material is usually identified as a particular feature of deformation inhomogeneity. Here, we show two different types of shear deformation-behaviour that occurred in Au–Cu multilayers subjected to microindentation load, namely, a cooperative-layer-buckling-induced shear banding in a nanoscale multilayer and a direct localised shearing across a layer interface along a shear plane in a submicron-scale multilayer. Theoretical analysis indicates that the formation of the two different types of shear deformation in the multilayers depends on a competition between the dislocation-pile-up-induced stress concentration at the layer interface and the barrier strength of the layer interface for glissile dislocation transmission.     

Nonlocal effects in the continuum theory of shear localisation in 2d foams

Goyon et al. [J. Goyon, A. Colin, G. Ovarlez, A. Ajdari and L. Bocquet, Nature 454 (2008) p. 84] have shown that nonlocal effects in the rheology of foams may be accounted for by a modification of the standard (Herschel–Bulkley) model. Here we consider the effects of this modification on the continuum theory of 2d shear localisation. We compute results for various examples, showing that the localisation length is increased, and explore the limiting cases of zero and infinite nonlocality length ξ. Velocity profiles are shown to take an exponential form in the case where ξ is large. As the formulation of the nonlocal continuum model presented in this article is general, it may also be directly applicable to other complex fluids.     

Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin solution of cut-off frequency for horizontal shear (SH) waves in various inhomogeneous thin films

The Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin method is employed to study the cut-off frequencies of the horizontal shear waves in a freestanding functionally graded piezoelectric–piezomagnetic material film with the electrically and magnetically open boundary conditions. An analytical solution, which could be used in analyzing the problems of various functionally graded materials, is proven to have high precision by analytical analysis and a numerical example. The results reveal that the set of cut-off frequencies is a series of approximate arithmetic progressions. A theoretical foundation based on the relationship between the cut-off frequencies and the materials’ gradient property is established for nondestructive evaluation.     

Two-matrix orthogonal rotation procedures

Examples are presented in which it is either desirable or necessary to transform two sets of orthogonal axes to simple structure positions by means of the same transformation matrix. A solution is then outlined which represents a two-matrix extension of the general orthomax orthogonal rotation criterion. In certain circumstances, oblique two-matrix solutions are possible using the procedure outlined and the Harris-Kaiser [1964] logic. Finally, an illustrative example is presented in which the preceding technique is applied in the context of an inter-battery factor analysis.The work reported herein was supported by Grant S72-1886 from the Canada Council. The author acknowledges the helpful contributions of Nancy Reid and Lawrence Ward to parts of this paper.     

Behavioral momentum: the effects of the temporal separation of rates of reinforcement.

In Part 1 of the experiment, rats responded under a variable-interval (VI) 30-s schedule and a VI 120-s schedule, with each in effect for a block of consecutive sessions. That is, the two VI schedules were presented in successive conditions. In Part 2 the VI schedules alternated each day, and in Part 3 the schedules alternated within the session as a multiple schedule. For half of the rats in Parts 1 and 2, the VI schedule alternated every few minutes within the session with a stimulus that signaled extinction. For each part, once response rates had stabilized, resistance to change was measured by prefeeding and extinction. When the schedules were examined in successive conditions (Part 1), resistance to extinction was greater under the VI 120-s schedule of reinforcement than under the VI 30-s schedule, but no consistent differences in resistance to prefeeding were observed between the two VI schedules. When the VI schedules alternated each day (Part 2), resistance to extinction was greater under the VI 120-s schedule. However, no consistent differences in resistance to prefeeding were observed between the VI schedules without extinction in Group A, but resistance to prefeeding was greater under the VI 30-s schedule for rats with the added extinction component in Group B. When the VI schedules alternated within the session as a multiple schedule (Part 3), resistance to extinction and resistance to prefeeding were greater under the VI 30-s schedule. The data suggest that different rates of reinforcement, and their accompanying discriminative stimuli, must be compared within the same session (or at least on alternate days) to produce data consistent with the behavioral momentum model.