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101.
Giacomo Bonanno 《Studia Logica》2007,86(3):375-401
The temporal updating of an agent’s beliefs in response to a flow of information is modeled in a simple modal logic that,
for every date t, contains a normal belief operator B
t
and a non-normal information operator I
t
which is analogous to the ‘only knowing’ operator discussed in the computer science literature. Soundness and completeness
of the logic are proved and the relationship between the proposed logic, the AGM theory of belief revision and the notion
of plausibility is discussed.
A first draft of this paper was presented at the Workshop on Belief Change in Rational Agents: Perspectives from Artificial
Intelligence, Philosophy and Economics, Dagstuhl (Germany), August 2005.
Special Issue Formal Epistemology II. Edited by
Branden Fitelson 相似文献
102.
When there exist omitted effects, measurement error, and/or simultaneity in multilevel models, explanatory variables may be
correlated with random components, and standard estimation methods do not provide consistent estimates of model parameters.
This paper introduces estimators that are consistent under such conditions. By employing generalized method of moments (GMM)
estimation techniques in multilevel modeling, the authors present a series of estimators along a robust to efficient continuum.
This continuum depends on the assumptions that the analyst makes regarding the extent of the correlated effects. It is shown
that the GMM approach provides an overarching framework that encompasses well-known estimators such as fixed and random effects
estimators and also provides more options. These GMM estimators can be expressed as instrumental variable (IV) estimators
which enhances their interpretability. Moreover, by exploiting the hierarchical structure of the data, the current technique
does not require additional variables unlike traditional IV methods. Further, statistical tests are developed to compare the
different estimators. A simulation study examines the finite sample properties of the estimators and tests and confirms the
theoretical order of the estimators with respect to their robustness and efficiency. It further shows that not only are regression
coefficients biased, but variance components may be severely underestimated in the presence of correlated effects. Empirical
standard errors are employed as they are less sensitive to correlated effects when compared to model-based standard errors.
An example using student achievement data shows that GMM estimators can be effectively used in a search for the most efficient
among unbiased estimators.
This research was supported by the National Academy of Education/Spencer Foundation and the National Science Foundation, grant
number SES-0436274. We thank the editor, associate editor, and referees for detailed feedback that helped improve the paper. 相似文献
103.
Combining versus analyzing multiple causes: how domain assumptions and task context affect integration rules 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Waldmann MR 《Cognitive Science》2007,31(2):233-256
In everyday life, people typically observe fragments of causal networks. From this knowledge, people infer how novel combinations of causes they may never have observed together might behave. I report on 4 experiments that address the question of how people intuitively integrate multiple causes to predict a continuously varying effect. Most theories of causal induction in psychology and statistics assume a bias toward linearity and additivity. In contrast, these experiments show that people are sensitive to cues biasing various integration rules. Causes that refer to intensive quantities (e.g., taste) or to preferences (e.g., liking) bias people toward averaging the causal influences, whereas extensive quantities (e.g., strength of a drug) lead to a tendency to add. However, the knowledge underlying these processes is fallible and unstable. Therefore, people are easily influenced by additional task-related context factors. These additional factors include the way data are presented, the difficulty of the inference task, and transfer from previous tasks. The results of the experiments provide evidence for causal model and related theories, which postulate that domain-general representations of causal knowledge are influenced by abstract domain knowledge, data-driven task factors, and processing difficulty. 相似文献
104.
105.
Two studies examined a novel prediction of the causal Bayes net approach to judgments under uncertainty, namely that causal knowledge affects the interpretation of statistical evidence obtained over multiple observations. Participants estimated the conditional probability of an uncertain event (breast cancer) given information about the base rate, hit rate (probability of a positive mammogram given cancer) and false positive rate (probability of a positive mammogram in the absence of cancer). Conditional probability estimates were made after observing one or two positive mammograms. Participants exhibited a causal stability effect: there was a smaller increase in estimates of the probability of cancer over multiple positive mammograms when a causal explanation of false positives was provided. This was the case when the judgments were made by different participants (Experiment 1) or by the same participants (Experiment 2). These results show that identical patterns of observed events can lead to different estimates of event probability depending on beliefs about the generative causes of the observations. 相似文献
106.
107.
Ricardo Bernardi 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2015,96(3):731-754
Current controversies involving clinical, conceptual and empirical research shed light on how psychoanalysis confronts its nature and its future. Some relevant debates in which Wallerstein, Green, Hoffman, Eagle and Wolitzky, Safran, Stern, Blass and Carmeli, and Panksepp have participated are examined regarding the characteristics of their argumentation. Agreements and disagreements are explored to find ways that could have allowed the discussion to progress. Two foci are highlighted in these debates: (a) whether a clinical common ground exists in psychoanalysis and what kind of procedure could contribute to further clarification; (b) complementation of in‐clinical and extra‐clinical evidence. Both aspects are scrutinized: the possibility of complementing diverse methodologies, and the nature of the shared clinical evidence examined in clinical discussion groups such as those promoted by the IPA Clinical Observation Committee. The importance of triangulation and consilience is brought to bear regarding their contribution to the robustness of psychoanalysis. So as to strengthen a critical perspective that enhances the discipline's argumentative field, psychoanalysis should take into account arguments from different sources according to their specific merits. By doing this, psychoanalysis increases its relevance within the current interdisciplinary dialogue. 相似文献
108.
黄莺 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2022,43(7):58-62
第三方医学检验机构主要从美国兴起,我国的第三方医学检验机构随着医疗改革的深入也在迅猛发展。但是比起医疗机构附设的医学检验部门,第三方医学检验机构是独立的法人主体,因此与患者和医疗机构之间形成多元法律关系。通过整理涉医学检验机构诉讼纠纷发现,法律实践中主要存在两类典型的法律问题:一类是法理或法律可以予以解决的问题,但解决的结果无法达到案结事了或者公平公正,这类问题源于实践超出理论的复杂性;另一类是落入法律或法理的“间隙”,在理论上存疑的问题。诉诸法律来解决的这些问题虽然还未能成为第三方医学检验机构发展的重要风险,但是所展现出来的问题都具有相当的典型性和代表性。
相似文献109.
Herbert Hoijtink 《Multivariate behavioral research》2016,51(1):2-10
The discussion following Bem’s (2011) psi research highlights that applications of the Bayes factor in psychological research are not without problems. The first problem is the omission to translate subjective prior knowledge into subjective prior distributions. In the words of Savage (1961): “they make the Bayesian omelet without breaking the Bayesian egg.” The second problem occurs if the Bayesian egg is not broken: the omission to choose default prior distributions such that the ensuing inferences are well calibrated. The third problem is the adherence to inadequate rules for the interpretation of the size of the Bayes factor. The current paper will elaborate these problems and show how to avoid them using the basic hypotheses and statistical model used in the first experiment described in Bem (2011). It will be argued that a thorough investigation of these problems in the context of more encompassing hypotheses and statistical models is called for if Bayesian psychologists want to add a well-founded Bayes factor to the tool kit of psychological researchers. 相似文献
110.
Richard D. Morey Eric-Jan Wagenmakers Jeffrey N. Rouder 《Multivariate behavioral research》2016,51(1):11-19
Hoijtink, Kooten, and Hulsker (2016) present a method for choosing the prior distribution for an analysis with Bayes factor that is based on controlling error rates, which they advocate as an alternative to our more subjective methods (Morey &; Rouder, 2014; Rouder, Speckman, Sun, Morey, &; Iverson, 2009; Wagenmakers, Wetzels, Borsboom, &; van der Maas, 2011). We show that the method they advocate amounts to a simple significance test, and that the resulting Bayes factors are not interpretable. Additionally, their method fails in common circumstances, and has the potential to yield arbitrarily high Type II error rates. After critiquing their method, we outline the position on subjectivity that underlies our advocacy of Bayes factors. 相似文献