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排序方式: 共有101条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
Confronted with an alarming social discourse favouring the perception of food risk, modern consumers find themselves in a situation of psychological discomfort caused by consumption of foodstuffs coming from the agricultural and foodstuff industry. To eliminate this discomfort the consumer may change their purchasing and consumption habits (constraining hypothesis) or introduce some measures for the reduction of risk. The aim of this paper is to present a new classification of risk reducers taking into account the diversity of buying and consumption practices. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications. 相似文献
92.
Melanie H. Bachmeyer Cathleen C. Piazza Laura D. Fredrick Gregory K. Reed Kristi D. Rivas Heather J. Kadey 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(3):641-658
Functional analyses identified children whose inappropriate mealtime behavior was maintained by escape and adult attention. Function‐based extinction procedures were tested individually and in combination. Attention extinction alone did not result in decreases in inappropriate mealtime behavior or a significant increase in acceptance. By contrast, escape extinction alone resulted in a decrease in inappropriate mealtime behavior and an increase in acceptance. However, inappropriate mealtime behavior did not decrease to clinically acceptable levels. A combined extinction technique (i.e., escape and attention extinction) resulted in a decrease in inappropriate mealtime behavior to clinically acceptable levels and high and stable acceptance. 相似文献
93.
Faith E. Fletcher Paul Ndebele Maureen C. Kelley 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2008,29(5):307-330
The debate over how to best guide HIV-infected mothers in resource-poor settings on infant feeding is more than two decades
old. Globally, breastfeeding is responsible for approximately 300,000 HIV infections per year, while at the same time, UNICEF
estimates that not breastfeeding (formula feeding with contaminated water) is responsible for 1.5 million child deaths per
year. The largest burden of these infections and deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using this region as an example of the
burden faced more generally in other resource-poor settings, we contrast the evolution of the clinical standard of care for
infant feeding with HIV-infected mothers in high-income countries to the current international clinical guidelines for HIV-infected
mothers and infant feeding in resource-poor settings. While the international guidelines of exclusive breastfeeding for a
6-month period seem to offer the least-worst strategy for reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV during infancy while
conferring some immunity through breastfeeding post-6 months, we argue that the impact of the policy on mothers and healthcare
workers on the ground is not well understood. The harm reduction approach on the level of health policy translates into a
complicated, painful moral dilemma for HIV-positive mothers and those offering them guidance on infant feeding. We argue that
the underlying socio-economic disparities that continue to fuel the need for a harm reduction policy on infant feeding and
the harm to women and children justify: (1) that higher priority be given to solving the infant feeding dilemma with improved
data on safe feeding alternatives, and (2) support of innovative, community-driven solutions that address the particular economic
and cultural challenges that continue to result in HIV-transmission to children within these communities.
相似文献
Maureen C. KelleyEmail: |
94.
Previous research has demonstrated that extinction in the form of re-presentation of expelled bites is an effective intervention for treating food expulsion. The current study compared the effectiveness of re-presenting expulsions with a spoon to re-presenting with a Nuk brush for a 4-year-old boy with a feeding disorder. Fewer expulsions were observed when using the brush for re-presentation, and further reductions were observed when the brush was also used for initial presentations. 相似文献
95.
Reed GK Piazza CC Patel MR Layer SA Bachmeyer MH Bethke SD Gutshall KA 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2004,37(1):27-42
In the current investigation, we evaluated the relative effects of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR), escape extinction, and a combination of NCR and escape extinction as treatment for the feeding problems exhibited by 4 children. For each participant, consumption increased only when escape extinction was implemented, independent of whether NCR was present or absent. These results were consistent with prior research suggesting that positive reinforcement alone is insufficient for increasing consumption, and that escape extinction often is necessary to increase and maintain food acceptance. However, NCR appeared to decrease inappropriate behavior for some participants. 相似文献
96.
Miller FG 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(1):157-166
Surgical clinical trials have seldom used a "sham" or placebo surgical procedure as a control, owing to ethical concerns. Recently, several ethical commentators have argued that sham surgery is either inherently or presumptively unethical. In this article I contend that these arguments are mistaken, and that there are no sound ethical reasons for an absolute prohibition of sham surgery in clinical trials. Reflecting on three cases of sham surgery, especially on the recently reported results of a sham-controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for arthritis of the knee, I present an ethical analysis that focuses on the methodological rationale for use of sham surgery, risk-benefit assessment, and informed consent. 相似文献
97.
Dawson JE Piazza CC Sevin BM Gulotta CS Lerman D Kelley ML 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2003,36(1):105-108
We used the high-probability (high-p) instructional sequence with and without escape extinction in the treatment of food refusal. Acceptance increased and refusal decreased only with the introduction of escape extinction. These results raise important questions about the high-p sequence in the treatment of food refusal. 相似文献
98.
The promotion of breastfeeding is an important focus of intervention for professionals working to improve infant health outcomes. Literature in this area focuses largely on ‘choices’ and ‘barriers to breastfeeding’. It is our argument, however, that women's cultural context plays a key role in infant feeding ‘choices’. In this article, we explore contested representations of infant feeding and infant feeding choices in public debates conducted on a large British parenting website. To sample dominant representations of infant feeding circulating in UK culture, two threads were chosen from the debating board of a busy online parenting community (105 and 99 individual posts, respectively). Participants on the threads were largely women. A feminist informed Foucauldian discourse analysis was used to deconstruct the intersecting constructions of gender, childhood and motherhood implicit in public discussions about infant feeding choices. We identify dominant constructions of women who breastfeed or bottle feed, social representations of both forms of infant feeding, and explore the relationship between constructions of infant feeding choices and constructions of ‘good’ or ‘bad’ motherhood. This analysis functions to trouble the individualist assumptions underpinning the notion of infant feeding ‘choices’, considering the cultural context within which British mothers ‘choose’ how to feed their babies. 相似文献
99.
100.
LaRue RH Stewart V Piazza CC Volkert VM Patel MR Zeleny J 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2011,44(4):719-735
Given the effectiveness of putative escape extinction as treatment for feeding problems, it is surprising that little is known about the effects of escape as reinforcement for appropriate eating during treatment. In the current investigation, we examined the effectiveness of escape as reinforcement for mouth clean (a product measure of swallowing), escape as reinforcement for mouth clean plus escape extinction (EE), and EE alone as treatment for the food refusal of 5 children. Results were similar to those of previous studies, in that reinforcement alone did not result in increases in mouth clean or decreases in inappropriate behavior (e.g., Piazza, Patel, Gulotta, Sevin, & Layer, 2003). Increases in mouth clean and decreases in inappropriate behavior occurred when the therapist implemented EE independent of the presence or absence of reinforcement. Results are discussed in terms of the role of negative reinforcement in the etiology and treatment of feeding problems. 相似文献