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141.
142.
Children’s perceptions of the emotional reactions of same- and different-sex characters in stories containing ambiguous and
unambiguous emotional contexts were examined. According to the Parallel-Constraint-Satisfaction Theory (Kunda and Thagard.
Psychological Review, 103, 284–308, 1996), stereotypes are more likely to be utilized in ambiguous contexts, defined here as those likely to elicit
multiple emotional responses. Seventy suburban U.S. preschoolers were read vignettes describing boys or girls in ambiguous
or unambiguous emotion-inducing events and reported how the vignette characters were feeling. Results suggest that the perceptions
of participants were more likely to reflect gender–emotion stereotypes (e.g. perceiving males as angry and females as sad)
in ambiguous contexts than in unambiguous contexts. Results are discussed in terms of children’s emerging understanding of
gender–emotion stereotypes. 相似文献
143.
M. Joseph Sirgy Nora P. Reilly Jiyun Wu David Efraty 《Applied research in quality of life》2008,3(3):181-202
QWL is conceptualized in terms of the interface between employee role identities and work resources. QWL programs serve to
enhance QOL by (1) providing appropriate work resources to meet the expectations of employee role identities, (2) reducing
role conflict in work and non-work life, (3) enhancing multiple role identities, (4) reducing role demands, (5) reducing stress
related to work and non-work role identities, and (6) increasing the value of the role identity. We describe a variety of
QWL programs related to work life (decentralized organization structures, teamwork, parallel structures, ethical corporate
mission and culture, the organization work schedule, etc.) and non-work life (work at home, flextime, compressed work week,
part-time work arrangements, job sharing, etc.) and show how they serve to enhance QOL using the language of work-life identity.
Doing so helps develop a research agenda based on the work-life identify model. 相似文献
144.
Vardit Rispler-Chaim 《The Journal of religious ethics》2008,36(1):53-76
Selecting the sex of a fetus has been a desire of parents in many different cultures. Modern Muslim religious scholars have identified advantages and disadvantages of this practice, permitting it in certain cases while forbidding it in others. In general, they do not appear to desire that selection of sex become a common practice, yet they are willing to allow it for personal reasons. This case‐by‐case approach exemplifies a key aspect of Muslim ethical discourse. After an overview of justifications for fetal sex selection in different cultures, I turn to a discussion of authoritative Islamic sources. I then analyze the reasoning of several modern authorities who deal with the issue. In the absence of a clear religious text on the subject, scholars seem inclined to legitimize sex selection, and in so doing they appear strongly influenced by social attitudes. 相似文献
145.
Gianluca Gini Tiziana Pozzoli Francesco Borghi Lara Franzoni 《Journal of School Psychology》2008,46(6):617-638
Two studies employing a mixed experimental design were conducted to determine if perceptions of bullying, attitudes towards victims, and students' sense of safety at school were influenced by bystanders' reactions to different types of bullying. In Study 1, 217 middle-school children were randomly assigned to read a hypothetical scenario describing a direct bullying episode. In Study 2, 376 primary-school children and 390 middle-school children were presented with scenarios describing a direct bullying episode and an indirect bullying episode. In all scenarios, the bystanders' reactions to the bullying and the gender of the victim were manipulated. Participants endorsed the prosocial behavior in favor of the victims and did not endorse pro-bullying behavior. Furthermore, they perceived passive reactions to the bullying as negative behavior. Participants showed positive attitudes towards victims, which were significantly higher at younger grade levels and among girls. Bystanders' behavior influenced both participants' perceptions of the victims and their perceived sense of safety at school. Implications for anti-bullying programs based upon the group ecology are discussed. 相似文献
146.
David Schultz Archana Ambike Stacy Buckingham‐Howes Charissa S. L. Cheah 《Infant and child development》2008,17(5):503-507
Differential emotions theory (DET) (The face of emotion. Appleton‐Century‐Crofts: East Norwalk, CT, 1971) posits that the smile functions in part to communicate and/or reflect social affiliation and plays an important role in children's social development. While children's positive emotion expressions have received attention from peer relations researchers in observational studies and within correlational designs, there is almost no experimental evidence for the impact of the smile. Building on existing studies, the present study examined DET predictions within an experimental design. More specifically, we examined the impact smiles have on lower‐income preschool children's nominations for preferred playmates. Both boys and girls tended to nominate unfamiliar playmates who smiled. Additionally, some evidence suggested that preference for smiling playmates seemed more critical to girls' than boys' social functioning. Unlike among boys, teachers rated girls who exhibited a greater preference for smiling playmates as higher in social competence. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
147.
NORMAN MOORADIAN 《Metaphilosophy》2006,37(5):673-690
Abstract: This article raises the question of how the ontological status of virtual objects bears on their intrinsic value. If virtual objects are unreal or less real than physical objects, does it mean that they will have less intrinsic value? If they have intrinsic value, what are the explanations for this value, and how do they relate to the ontological status of the virtual objects? First, the article reviews recent work concerning the ontological status of virtual reality and virtual objects. Second, it argues that in some cases the ontological status of virtual objects does undermine the value placed in them, in that the objects can fail to have the properties that ground the value attributions made to them, while in other cases their ontological status is not important. Finally, the article relates the grounding of value attributions to philosophical theories of value, in particular, perfectionism and hedonism. 相似文献
148.
Nita Mary McKinley 《Sex roles》2006,54(3-4):159-173
Longitudinal analysis of objectified body consciousness, body esteem, self-acceptance, and weight-related attitudes and behaviors
in young adults (115 women and 49 men), who were undergraduates in 1993, tested hypotheses developed from theory on the social
construction of gendered bodies and the developmental contexts of the post-college transition. Gender differences in body
surveillance, body shame, and body esteem and the relationships between these persisted, whereas the relationship between
body esteem and self-acceptance decreased for women and was similar to men at Wave 2. For both women and men, body surveillance
and body shame decreased and body esteem increased over time, even though BMI also increased. Men wanted to lose weight at
levels similar to women at Wave 2 and were equally likely to exercise to control weight, but they were less likely than women
to diet. These results fit both cohort and age-related changes models of body experience for women and men. 相似文献
149.
Karin E. Larsen Kristin S. Vickers Shirlene Sampson Pamela Netzel Sharonne N. Hayes 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2006,13(1):36-45
Compared with men, women are more likely to experience depression, and depression increases risk of morbidity and mortality in individuals with heart disease. Psychosocial interventions have been developed for depressed patients with heart disease; however, women's experience of chronic disease differs from men's and women may benefit from interventions tailored to address their difficulties. Spirituality and social roles have been related to depressive symptoms in other populations. To identify the relationship between depression and spirituality and social role performance (i.e., role concerns, role rewards and confidence in ability to fulfill roles) in women with heart disease, we assessed depressive symptoms, spirituality, social role functioning and medical history in 125 women with heart disease. After controlling for age and severity of medical conditions, spirituality, role confidence and role concerns were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Consideration of spirituality and aspects of social role performance may be important when developing psychosocial interventions for depressed women with heart disease. 相似文献
150.
The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in externalizing and internalizing problem behaviours in 6‐year‐olds with a focus on sex differences. Teachers rated problem behaviours at the beginning and at the end of the school year, 8 months apart, in 370 children (197 boys and 173 girls) attending 22 school preparatory classrooms. Although the majority of the children were quite stable, considerable negative and positive changes for both boys and girls in problem behaviours were found. The results showed that girls were more likely to change their externalizing behaviours in a positive direction than boys, whereas a tendency to the opposite pattern was found for internalizing behaviours. Boys were also found to be more prone to a negative change in problem behaviours of both types than girls were. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献