围生期双酚A暴露对不同性别子代小鼠行为的影响

探讨围生期母体双酚A(bisphenol A, BPA)暴露对幼年期(生后21~30天, postnatal day 21~30, PND 21~30)和青年期(生后56~63天, PND 56~63)不同性别子代小鼠行为的影响。母鼠从妊娠第7天至断乳前(产后21天)进行BPA(0.05、0.5、5、50 mg/kg/day)灌胃染毒, 同时设对照组。每个剂量组分别在PND 21和PND 56开始测试雌雄子代小鼠各项行为。以旷场行为检测小鼠的自发活动及探究行为, 以高架十字迷宫检测小鼠的焦虑行为, 以水迷宫检测小鼠的空间学习记忆能力, 以跳台检测小鼠的被动回避记忆行为。结果表明, BPA使PND 21雌雄子鼠和PND 56雄性子鼠自发活动减少(p<0.05或p<0.01), 理毛和站立行为发生性别分化(p<0.05或p<0.01); PND 21子鼠的3分钟跑动格数有明显的剂量效应关系, 其中5~50 mg/kg/day组特别显著。BPA显著增加PND 21雌雄子鼠和PND56雌性子鼠在高架十字迷宫中进入开放臂次数和停留时间(p<0.05或p<0.01)并减少封闭臂的进入时间, 但没有明显的剂量效应关系; BPA减少PND 56雄性子鼠开放臂的进入并增加其封闭臂的进入, 干扰了幼年期和青年期小鼠焦虑行为的性别分化。BPA剂量依赖性地延长PND 21和PND 56雄性子鼠在水迷宫搜索平台的平均距离, 其中5~50 mg/kg/day剂量组具有差异显著性(p<0.05或p<0.01), 但对雌性子鼠空间学习记忆行为没有影响。此外, 5~50 mg/kg/day BPA增加PND 21雄性子鼠在跳台实验中的错误次数并缩短其跳下平台潜伏期, PND 56雌雄子鼠的被动回避记忆仅被50 mg/kg/day BPA减弱。以上结果提示, 围生期BPA暴露可影响子代小鼠幼年期和青年期的多种行为及行为的性别差异, 不同行为对BPA的敏感程度不同, 其中以自发活动和探究行为最敏感。     

Attitudinal and consumption differences among traditional and nontraditional ‘childless’ couple households

This study develops a classification scheme that effectively separates delayed marriage and true childless couples from delayed empty nest couples, newlywed and traditional empty nest couples. Unlike extant traditional and ‘modernised’ life cycle models, this approach separates true childless and delayed marriage childless couple households from their traditional counterparts using the couples' length of marriage and wife's age. It also uses couples' ages at marriage to separate delayed from the traditional empty nest households. The findings clearly indicate that nontraditional ‘childless couples’ differ from their traditional counterparts in underlying values, sex role norms, and attitudes, as well as in food and beverage consumption and major durable acquisition patterns. Implications of this classification scheme for comprehensive life cycle models and future research and managerial applications of these findings are also discussed. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications.     

Sex Differences in Competitive and Compliant Unethical Work Behavior

Male and female librarians were compared in terms of their willingness to engage in competitive unethical work behavior and on their willingness to comply with organizational pressures to behave unethically. Men report a greater willingness to engage in each of these behaviors. Results are discussed in terms of sex differences in personality characteristics.     

Use of Logotherapy's Mountain Range Exercise with Male Adolescents with Mental Retardation/Developmental Disabilities and Sexual Behavior Problems

This article discusses the use of logotherapy's Mountain Range Exercise (MRE) with adolescent males with mild to moderate mental retardation/developmental disabilities and sexual behavior problems in a high-management group home setting. The activity was used in group therapy with nine patients to build rapport, clarify values, enhance attention and focus, and facilitate patient disclosure of sexual offense histories in subsequent sessions. The literature on youths with sexually aggressive behavior problems is reviewed, followed by the rationale for using the technique with this population. Future directions for research are offered.     

Pheromone‐mediated intrasexual aggression in male lizards,Podarcis hispanicus

Sex recognition is based on color signals in many species of lizards. However, olfactory stimuli are also clearly involved, and many species might rely primarily on chemoreception. We aimed to examine whether color pattern or odors, or a combination of both factors, induce the aggressive response of males of the lizard P. hispanicus. We experimentally manipulated the coloration and odor of male P. hispanicus, thereby creating groups with all combinations between coloration and odor of males or females. Using data from staged encounters, we compared the responses of resident males to the experimental groups of manipulated males and their response to unmanipulated individuals (males and females). Responding males reacted significantly more aggressively to intruders with male odors independent of their coloration, whereas intruders with female odors did not elicit aggressive responses but were preferentially courted, irrespective of their actual sex and body coloration. In addition, intruders with female odors elicited a higher number of tongue‐flick explorations than male odor ones. Comparisons with unmanipulated male and female intruders agreed with these expectations. Therefore, at least at close range, odoriferous cues seem to be more important than color patterns in sex recognition and intrasexual aggression by male P. hispanicus. We suggest that this might be a pattern commoner than expected in many species of reptiles.Aggr. Behav. 28:154–163, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Men's and Women's Mating Preferences: Distinct Evolutionary Mechanisms?

Have men and women evolved sex-distinct mating preferences for short-term and long-term mating, as postulated by some evolutionary theorists? Direct tests of assumptions, consideration of confounds with gender, and examination of the same variables for both sexes suggest men and women are remarkably similar. Furthermore, cross-species comparisons indicate that humans do not evidence mating mechanisms indicative of short-term mating (e.g., large female sexual skins, large testicles). Understanding human variability in mating preferences is apt to involve more detailed knowledge of the links between these preferences and biological and chemical mechanisms associated with sexual motivation, sexual arousal, and sexual functioning.     

Variation in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity among bullied and non-bullied children

We examined the relationship between being bullied during childhood and activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as assessed through repeated measures of salivary cortisol. A non-clinical sample of 154 (74 boys) predominantly Caucasian middle-class 12-year-olds each provided detailed information about their experiences with bullying and six saliva samples were standardized across time and day. Children with a history of child maltreatment, diagnosed psychiatric illness, foster care placement, medication use (psychotropic and oral contraception) and aggression directed toward peers and/or family members were excluded. Using multilevel regression and applying orthogonal polynomial contrasts to model the observed circadian pattern in the data, we found that occasional and frequent verbal peer victimization was associated with hyposecretion of cortisol when controlling for sex, pubertal status, age, depression and anxiety. This relation, however, was moderated by sex. For boys, occasional exposure was associated with higher cortisol levels, whereas for girls exposure was associated with lower cortisol levels. The present study highlights the need to consider the plight of peer-victimized children seriously, as it is associated with alterations to the HPA axis that affect males and females differently, and likely diminishes a person's ability to cope with stress, possibly placing them at risk for psychopathology and ill health.     

An exploration of lived religion in same-sex couples from Judeo-Christian traditions

Religious involvement has been found to be associated with higher levels of commitment and relationship satisfaction among heterosexually married individuals (Mahoney et al., 1999). Little is known, however, about the religiosity of gay, lesbian, bisexual (GLB) individuals, and virtually nothing is known about religious involvement in same-sex couples. The purpose of this qualitative interview study was to examine couples' experiences of incorporating religious involvement into their committed relationships. In a sample of 14 same-sex couples, we found that couples used their spiritual/religious values to understand and undergird their relationships. In this process, they negotiated intra-couple differences in religious practices, involved themselves in activities that have religious or spiritual meaning to them, created religious social support for their relationships, and experienced some non-supportive or rejecting interpersonal interactions with religious family members, congregants, and strangers. These findings are instructive to therapists who work with same-sex couples and the family members of GLB individuals. We conclude with specific suggestions for practitioners.     

大学生性别角色调查研究

目的:探讨不同性别比例的高校大学生的性别角色分布等相关情况。方法:2007年10月份,汉市两所性别比例不同的高校分层随机抽取了大学生共计1451人,采用钱铭怡等人编制的大学性角色量表(CSRI)进行问卷调查。结果:(1)大学生性别角色存在显著的性别差异。(2)大学期间是性别角色发展的重要时期,大学生具有传统性别角色的发展趋势,其中女生的性别角色化明显而男生的性别角色发展相对平稳。(3)性别角色存在显著的专业差异。(4)性别比例不的高校其性别角色没有显著的差异。     

Gender Differences in Children’s Hero Attributions: Personal Hero Choices and Evaluations of Typical Male and Female Heroes

The current study investigated gender differences in the personal hero choices, hero attributions, and characteristics attributed to “typical” male and female heroes of children living in the Midwestern United States (N = 103; mean age = 10 years). Questionnaires were completed in a school setting. The majority of girls chose heroes personally known to them; boys chose personal and public figures equally often. Most boys chose same gender heroes; girls’ nominations were mixed. Gender differences were also seen in the characteristics children attributed to their own heroes and in their conceptions of “typical” male and female heroes. Children rated same-gender “typical” heroes more positively on many attributes, except for stereotypically masculine characteristics. Gender socialization, stereotypes, and in-group favoritism were used to explain these findings. Portions of this project were presented at the 2003 Society for Research on Child Development Biennial Meeting. We wish to thank Anna V. Persson and Sara E. Goldstein for their assistance on the early development of this study. We also appreciate the children, teachers, guidance counselors and principals at Leipsic Local School and Pandora-Gilboa Elementary School for making this study possible. Inquiries about this study should be addressed to Shayla Holub, .