Is it Really Just About Being More Like a Fag? Confronting the Gay Male Model Mantra

Although the debate between feminism and queer is by now a fairly old and some might argue, trite and overwrought one, in this paper I direct my attention to a specific feminist assessment of queer that I find to be especially unhelpful and pernicious: the automatic linkage of queer with the exaltation of a gay male subjectivity. This article is informed by my own ethnographic research on lesbian/queer public sexual cultures; specifically, two Canadian lesbian/queer bathhouses, where public sex and sexual exploration are encouraged. I argue that this contention, that lesbians who espouse queer are aping (gay) male sexuality and subjectivity—due to the privileging of non-normative sexual practices found within the gay male community—does two things: (re)essentializes genders and sexualities, and, more importantly, robs non-gay male subjects (e.g., women, lesbians, butches, trans identified individuals) of their own agency. In sum, I believe that this linkage to a supposed gay male imitation, and concomitantly, viewing lesbian/queer sexual cultures, behaviors, configurations, and signifying sexual economies as mere derivatives of gay male culture, reinforces lesbian/queer invisibility and (re)centers the heterosexual matrix. For the sake of lesbian/queer subjects’ own viability, lesbian/queer sexualities must thus be pulled out of this discursive trap.     

新编大学生性别角色量表揭示性别角色变迁

性别角色代表个人的社会性别, 对个人乃至整个民族素质的发展有重要意义。随着时代的变化, 当代大学生的性别角色观与性别角色也发生着变化。由于已有的性别角色测量工具多年来没有修订, 因此, 对当代大学生性别角色的测量亟需一个对发展变化敏感的有效测量工具。本研究根据性别角色研究的通行原则, 基于1700个相关词汇, 筛选出男女正性词各35个, 中性词20个。在386名大学生中初测结果显示, 男性化量表(16个题目)含领导力、男子气、理性、大度四个因子, 体现出男性的“工具性”特质; 女性化量表(16个题目)含同理心、女子气、勤俭心细三个因子, 反映出女性的“表达性”特质; 中性化量表则有18个题目。之后在全国5008名大学生中的复测表明, 该男性化量表内部一致性系数为0.89, 女性化量表为0.84; 两个量表的重测信度分别为0.82和0.80; 验证性因素分析显示该量表的结构效度良好, 他评效度和专家效度较高。与已有性别角色量表比较, 构成本量表的词汇有较大变化：男性化词汇体现的“理性化”特质反映出当代中国男性的特点; 女性化词汇虽仍以“表达性”特质为主, 但也体现了中国传统“勤俭心细”的特征。大样本调查发现, 当代大学生性别角色双性化、未分化和单性化群体数量各占约三分之一; 传统占优势的单性化已让位于非单性化; 理想的双性化与最差的未分化同步增长; 男性化比例男性高于女性, 女性化比例女性高于男性, 传统性别角色的影响减弱但依然存在。     

中学生学习策略发展研究

采用调查问卷法,以自编的《中学生学习方式量表》对初一至高三800名学生进行了调查。结果发现：初中生对学习策略的掌握和运用水平尚不稳定,初三学生的学习策略水平出现明显的下降趋势,高中生对学习策略的掌握运用达到自控水平;初中、高中男、女生间学习策略水平存在显著差异,女生学习策略整体水平显著高于男生,随年级的提高,部分学习策略水平的性别差异有逐渐缩小的趋势;学习成绩与学习策略存在显著正相关。     

不同人际关系群体情绪调节方式的比较

研究比较了人际关系良好和人际关系不良高中生在8种情绪调节方式（情绪表露、情感求助、放松、认知应对、压抑、哭泣、情绪替代、回避）使用上的差异,以求了解高中生的情绪调节现状,并为高中生良好人际关系的建立提供有效借鉴。结果表明：高中生在情绪表露、情感求助、放松和哭泣4种情绪调节方式上存在显著的性别差异,女性多于男性。受欢迎的学生较多的使用情感求助、认知应对和情绪表露三种情绪调节方式,被拒绝和被忽视学生常压抑自身情绪。     

Development of the multidimensional peer‐victimization scale

Although researchers have traditionally distinguished between direct (e.g., name‐calling, hitting) and indirect (e.g., ignoring, scapegoating) types of peer‐victimization, there remains disagreement concerning how best to categorize types of peer‐victimization. The aim of the present study was to delineate, using Principal Components Analysis, types of peer‐victimization and to develop a multidimensional psychometric self‐report scale. Respondents were 812 children aged 11 to 16 years and attending a secondary school in England. Once it was established that respondents were familiar with a definition of bullying, they rated how often they had experienced 45 different victimizing acts. Four main factors were identified—physical victimization, verbal victimization, social manipulation, and attacks on property—and subscales constructed that possessed satisfactory internal consistency and convergent validity with self‐reports of being bullied. Aggr. Behav. 26:169–178, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Sex differences in the activity level of infants1

A gender difference in motor activity level (AL) is well established for children, but questions about the existence and nature of an infant sex difference remain. To assess these questions, we applied meta‐analytic procedures to summarize 46 infancy studies comprising 78 male–female motor activity comparisons. Our results showed that, as with children, male infants were more active than females. Objective measures of infant AL estimated the size of this difference to be 0.2 standard deviations, though subjective parent‐report measures estimated the difference to be smaller. We argue that this early sex difference in activity level is biologically based. However, socialization processes, such as gender‐differentiated expectations and experiences, in conjunction with further sex‐differentiated biological developments, amplify this early difference to produce the larger gender differences in activity found during childhood. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Perceptions of parents as a function of their marital status and sex

This study examines participants’ perceptions of four different male and female parent groups (married, divorced, step and never‐married parents) and, as a comparison group, of men and women in general. Using an independent groups design, in which participants made estimations of the percentage of a single specified group possessing particular characteristics, it is found that perceptions of married parents tend to be more positive than perceptions of other groups. The never‐married tend to be viewed least positively. Overall, perceptions of mothers are typically more favourable than those of fathers. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Organization of sex-typical patterns of defense during food protection in the rat: The role of the opponent's sex

Feeding rats defend a food item from an approaching conspecific by turning away, laterally, about 180°. Females and males use a different composition of movements and stepping patterns to perform these defensive dodges. This study was designed to examine the role of the robber's sex on the execution of sex-typical patterns of dodging. All subjects were tested with a partner of each sex. During dodging, females used the female-typical pattern of pivoting around the pelvis, and males used the male-typical midbody pivot, irrespective of the robber's sex. These findings show that the sex-typical patterns of dodging are not determined by the sex of the partner. Females and males however, differed in how they were oriented towards a same sex robber at the end of the dodge. This suggests that while male and female robbers must pose different defensive problems, these differences are dealt with by modifying the sex-typical pattern of dodging rather than by switching to the dodge pattern of the opposite sex. This further suggests that the differences in the composition of the dodge pattern in males and females are not due to extrinsic contingencies, but rather, are due to intrinsic differences in the sex-typical organization of defensive motor patterns. Aggr. Behav. 23:197–214, 1997.© 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Beliefs about aggression among male and female prisoners

This study investigated instrumental and expressive beliefs about aggression, and their association with self-reported aggression, among male (N = 62) and female (N = 47) prisoners serving sentences in closed prisons in the North of England. Instrumental but not expressive beliefs were strongly correlated with measures of aggression. Expressive beliefs were significantly higher among females than males, but unlike previous findings, there were no significant sex differences in instrumental beliefs or in physical aggression. However, age was significantly negatively correlated with instrumental beliefs, physical aggression, anger and hostility. Those convicted for violent offences showed significantly higher scores for physical aggression and anger, but lower scores for expressive beliefs. The results provide both similarities and contrasts with previous findings for student samples. Aggr. Behav. 23:405–415, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.