Logistic positive exponent family of models: Virtue of asymmetric item characteristic curves

The paper addresses and discusses whether the tradition of accepting point-symmetric item characteristic curves is justified by uncovering the inconsistent relationship between the difficulties of items and the order of maximum likelihood estimates of ability. This inconsistency is intrinsic in models that provide point-symmetric item characteristic curves, and in this paper focus is put on the normal ogive model for observation. It is also questioned if in the logistic model the sufficient statistic has forfeited the rationale that is appropriate to the psychological reality. It is observed that the logistic model can be interpreted as the case in which the inconsistency in ordering the maximum likelihood estimates is degenerated.The paper proposes a family of models, called the logistic positive exponent family, which provides asymmetric item chacteristic curves. A model in this family has a consistent principle in ordering the maximum likelihood estimates of ability. The family is divided into two subsets each of which has its own principle, and includes the logistic model as a transition from one principle to the other. Rationale and some illustrative examples are given.     

Exact person fit indexes for the rasch model for arbitrary alternatives

A new algorithm for obtaining exact person fit indexes for the Rasch model is introduced which realizes most powerful tests for a very general family of alternative hypotheses, including tests concerning DIF as well as model-deviating item correlations. The method is also used as a goodness-of-fit test for whole data sets where the item parameters are assumed to be known. For tests with 30 items at most, exact values are obtained, for longer tests a Monte Carlo-algorithm is proposed. Simulated examples and an empirical investigation demonstrate test power and applicability to item elimination.The author wishes to thank Elisabeth Ponocny-Seliger and the reviewers for many helpful comments. All exact goodness-of-fit tests proposed in this article are implemented in the menu-driven program T-Rasch 1.0 by Ponocny and Ponocny-Seliger (1999) which can be obtained from ProGAMMA (WWW: http://www.gamma.rug.nl) and also performs nonparametric tests.     

在内科临床中落实生物心理社会医学模式

社会心理因素与内科疾病的发生、发展和治疗效果关系密切,临床工作中忽视社会心理因素的作用可能导致严重后果。内科医生应积极拓展自身的知识技能,继而把对社会心理因素的重视落在实处,体现在病历中。完整的病史采集又需要加强医患沟通,如此才能真正发现和解决患者的社会心理问题。     

整体护理与新医学模式

整体护理作为当代护理的基本工作模式和护理学发展的基本趋势,是与生物心理社会医学模式的确立直接相联系的。在临床护理中,落实新医学模式,是推行整体护理所必需的。在整体护理中落实新医学模式应从转变护理人员观念、整体护理规范化、改变护理队伍的知识和技能结构、提供护士职业道德水平等方面做起。     

在新医学模式指导下预防碘缺乏病

碘缺乏病严重危害人类健康,是最大的、可预防的智力损伤因素。通过“社会动员”,推动防治碘缺乏病（ＩＤＤ）“轮子”运转,使我国消除ＩＤＤ事业有了巨大进步。目前存在的问题可能会影响到该事业的可持续发展。对此,提出一些建议。     

Does criminal offender treatment work?

In examining the effectiveness of offender treatment, this article attempts to integrate disparate bodies of knowledge. An overview of the effectiveness of offender treatment is presented. To put offender treatment into perspectives, the psychotherapy outcome literature for nonoffenders is briefly reviewed. The complexity of offender treatment is further explored by reviewing correlates and antecedents of criminality that include antisocial personality disorder, antisocial behavior in children, and substance abuse. Implications of the existing body of knowledge on future policy and more active involvement by psychologists are discussed.     

How provoking! what makes men and women angry?

This study looked at differences in anger-provoking behaviors and in verbal insults as a function of the gender of the aggressor and the target of the provocation. Responses of 416 college students revealed that males were more likely to consider a female exhibiting physical aggression or a male hurting another person as anger-provoking, whereas females were more likely to mention condescending or insensitive behaviors from either sex, verbal aggression from a female, and physical aggression from a male. Physical aggression and hurting another provoked more anger when they came from a male, whereas dishonesty from a female evoked more anger. Females also felt that insensitive and condescending behaviors were worse when they came from a male. Most of the verbal insults were sexual in nature, with few sex of subject differences. However, it was considered worse for women to be called promiscuous; for men to be called sexually inadequate, worthless, or cowardly; for women to call men an obscene name; and for people to be called homosexual by a same sex speaker. These results are consistent both with previous research and with traditional gender role beliefs suggesting that women are more upset by condescending behaviors and that women's promiscuity, as well as men's aggression toward women, hurting another, sexual inadequacy, and cowardice, are viewed particularly negatively. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

脱贫内生动力机制的质性探究

内生动力是世代贫困个体得以脱贫的核心心理资源。当前, 对脱贫的内生动力仍然缺乏系统性的解释框架。文章以脱贫的内生动力为切入点, 基于内生和外生融合性视角, 采用基于深度访谈的扎根理论方法, 运用强度抽样的策略, 以海南岛某深度贫困村的成功脱贫个体(7人)、世代贫困个体(10人)及扶贫干部(4人)为研究对象, 构建出世代贫困家庭的整体内生动力资源枯竭模型。研究表明：1)以消极的价值观、消极的自我观和被动脱贫的行为倾向为主体的“三因素洋葱模型”是世代贫困个体的消极内在驱动力; 2)作为社会心理动力的控制感缺失是引致世代贫困个体内生动力匮乏的重要诱因, 而贫困个体缺少市场理性及扶贫的运动式治理可能是导致控制感缺失的外部肇因; 3)家长亲职能力在家庭内部建设能力培植子代内生动力的过程中起着中间作用, 即家庭内部建设能力可促进家长亲职能力的提高, 进而激发子代脱贫的内生动力。