学习不良儿童元记忆监测与控制的发展

采用2×3×2的混合设计,在自定步调和对项目逐项评定的学习条件下,对小学四~六年级学习不良儿童的元记忆监测与时间分配策略进行了实验研究。结果表明：在对学习材料难度的有效区分上,学习不良儿童与对照组儿童间无差异,不论学习不良组还是对照组,四年级儿童均不能对实验中配对学习材料难度性质做出明确区分,五、六年级儿童能够很好的区分学习材料难度;在学习判断水平上,五、六年级学习不良儿童均低于对照组儿童,四年级两组之间无差异;从对不同难度学习材料的时间分配来看,四年级学习不良儿童与对照组儿童分配在不同难度材料上的学习时间均无显著差别。五、六年级对照组儿童能够根据学习材料的不同难度分配不同学习时间,而且学习时间分配与难度判断之间存在显著相关。五、六年级学习不良儿童能在一定程度上根据学习材料的不同难度分配不同的学习时间,但这种时间分配与难度判断之间相关未达到显著水平,提示他们尚不能在有效元记忆监测基础上对不同难度学习材料进行合理的时间分配     

Extended Analysis of Empirical Citations with Skinner's Verbal Behavior: 1984-2004

The present paper comments on and extends the citation analysis of verbal operant publications based on Skinner''s Verbal Behavior (1957) by Dymond, O''Hora, Whelan, and O''Donovan (2006). Variations in population parameters were evaluated for only those studies that Dymond et al. categorized as empirical. Preliminary results indicate that the majority of empirical research in the area of verbal behavior has been conducted with the younger developmentally disabled population and has focused on verbal operants from the introductory chapters of Skinner''s book. It is clear that Verbal Behavior has influenced empirical research over the past 50 years. We believe, however, that there are many underdeveloped research areas originating from Verbal Behavior that have not yet been addressed. Suggestions for extended areas of research are provided.     

成人学习不良的筛查与诊断

西方（以美国为代表）逐步形成了一套符合自身特点的成人学习不良筛查与诊断模式。文章讨论了筛查与诊断的关系,介绍了成人学习不良筛查与诊断的基本环节,以及筛查与诊断工具的选择与评估标准,并在对西方成人学习不良筛查与诊断模式特点的分析基础上,对建立我国成人学习不良测评体系提出了建议。     

语文学习困难儿童汉字记忆编码的神经机制研究

采用事件相关电位方法,探讨语文学习困难儿童汉字记忆编码过程的特点.研究发现:语文学习困难组和对照组在编码过程的300-700ms均存在显著的相继记忆效应.语文学习困难组与对照组的Dm效应存在着显著的时间与空间上的差异.在Dm效应出现前,语文学习困难组加工的P2潜伏期显著晚于对照组.同时还发现,不同能力组加工的N2和LPC差异与Dm效应十分相似,对照组比语文学习困难组更正,与Dm效应不同,不同能力组加工的分离明显大于Dm效应的分离,且持续时间更长,一直持续到1000ms之后,远远晚于Dm效应的分离时间,对照组比语文学习困难组有一个更正的晚正成分.语文学习困难组与对照组在加工程度上存在差异,使编码项目的记忆痕迹呈现出不同特点.     

Enhancing Spelling Performance in Students with Learning Disabilities

The present study, using a single subject adapted alternating treatments design, compared the effects of two spelling strategies (cover, copy, compare, and copy-only) used to enhance spelling performance in 2, third-grade students with learning disabilities. The cover, copy compare (CCC) method required the students to say the word, point to the word, repeat the word, cover the word, print the word, compare the word to the correct model, and correct errors if necessary. The copy-only method required the students to say the word, point to the word, repeat the word, and print the word. Overall, the CCC strategy was more effective in words learned and words retained. Results are discussed in light of CCC requiring a self-evaluation/self-correction component not required in the more traditional method of instruction. By incorporating a simple, self-management component to spelling instruction, teachers may improve spelling performance in the classroom.     

Analysis of An Intervention to Reduce or Prevent Secondary Conditions for People with Spinal Cord Injuries

People with acute spinal cord injuries (SCI) are at risk for developing secondary conditions such as pressure sores, urinary tract infections, pain, weight gain and deconditioning, and depression. This study analyzed the effectiveness of an Internet assessment and feedback tool in determining secondary condition risk for this population based on individual responses to a knowledge and behavioral questionnaire. Seventy-one people with newly-diagnosed SCI who were treated at one of five Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems Centers were randomly assigned to either an experimental condition in which they received computerized feedback and one-on-one consultations based on their online questionnaire answers, or to a control condition in which they received no feedback until the study's completion. One year after the initial assessment, the online questionnaire was re-administered to all participants as a post-test. Three times between the pre- and post-test assessments researchers telephoned participants to administer phone surveys probing secondary condition development. Results indicate there were significant differences among race groups and between complete and incomplete injury status for pressure sore occurrence. This study represents a new era of interactive technology in health promotion that can serve as a basis for future research to decrease secondary condition risk for people with SCI.     

Poverty Among Adults with Disabilities: Barriers to Promoting Asset Accumulation in Individual Development Accounts

Adults with disabilities disproportionally experience poverty. We examine one novel strategy to promote economic well-being among adults with disabilities living in or near poverty, namely Individual Development Accounts (IDAs). IDAs are designed to help individuals save money and subsequently accumulate assets. Although adults with disabilities account for the majority of IDA participants, scant attention has been paid to their IDA saving performance. We describe the significance of accumulating assets, particularly as it relates to adults with disabilities. We then map the nature of IDA programs and analyze barriers to participation in IDAs and asset accumulation related to conflicting federal policies and a lack of sensitivity to disability-specific needs. We conclude by offering policy recommendations from our analysis, including the need to eliminate the means-tests used in welfare policies, de-linking participation in IDAs from employment status, and involving people with disabilities in designing and evaluating asset accumulation policies and programs.     

2009年贵阳市住院儿童手足口病病原学及临床特点

为了解贵阳地区2009年4月~9月儿童手足口病的病原学及临床特点。从住院的820例手足口病患儿中采集部分伴有重症倾向的244例患儿的肛试子和咽试子标本进行RT-PCR技术检测,并进行临床观察。218例检测到肠道病毒,占89.34%,其中138例为EV71,占63.30%。72例为CA16,占33.02%,两者之比1.92:1。不同年龄组的病原构成差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。重症病例EV71感染明显高于轻症病例,两者在临床特征方面差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。2009年贵阳市住院儿童手足口病的主要病原是EV71和CA16;1岁~3岁的患儿EV71感染明显高于CA16,EV71比CA16更易引重症手足口病,重症病例与轻症病例在临床表现上有明显差异。     

智力障碍女性生育权与代理权的伦理探讨

基于伦理审查中的真实案例以及境遇伦理学,讨论了涉及以下四个层面在不同情况下实施人工流产的道德性：（1）孕妇与胎儿权利之争;（2）智障女性能否胜任自主抉择？（3）家属代理权的行使及限制;（4）如何使最终决策实现善意？在此类案例中如果采用原则主义容易导致“一刀切”,因此,采取境遇伦理学的策略才能真正解决类似的道德困境。对相同的情形采取相同的措施,不同的情形采取不同的措施,如此方可真正做到符合伦理。

     

Developmental dyspraxia and developmental coordination disorder

This article discusses the role developmental dyspraxia plays in developmental coordination disorder (DCD), based upon a review of literature on apraxia, developmental dyspraxia, and DCD. Apraxia and dyspraxia have often been equated with DCD. However, it is argued that apraxia and dyspraxia primarily refer to the problems of motor sequencing and selection, which not all children with DCD exhibit. The author proposes to distinguish developmental dyspraxia from DCD. Other issues discussed include the assessment, etiology, and treatment of developmental dyspraxia and DCD, and the relationship between DCD and learning disabilities. A research agenda is offered regarding future directions to overcome current limitation.