Why behavior analysts should study emotion: the example of anxiety.

Historically, anxiety has been a dominant subject in mainstream psychology but an incidental or even insignificant one in behavior analysis. We discuss several reasons for this discrepancy. We follow with a behavior-analytic conceptualization of anxiety that could just as easily be applied to emotion in general. Its primary points are (a) that language-able humans have an extraordinary capacity to derive relations between events and that it is a simple matter to show that neutral stimuli can acquire discriminative functions indirectly with no direct training; (b) that private events can readily acquire discriminative functions; (c) that anxiety disorders seem to occur with little apparent direct learning or that the amount of direct learning is extraordinarily out of proportion with the amount of responding; and (d) that the primary function of anxious behavior is experiential avoidance. We conclude that the most interesting aspects of anxiety disorders may occur as a function of derived rather than direct relations between public events and overt and private responses with avoidance functions. Implicit in this conclusion and explicit in the paper is the assertion that anxiety is a suitable subject for behavior-analytic study.     

职中和高中学生的自我概念与内外参照模型

通过自我概念量表,对职业高中和普通高中一年级学生进行问卷调查,用多因素多元方差分析比较了这两类学生自我概念的差异;对学科成绩与学科自我概念做了分组相关分析,并做了,比较。结果表明：(1)职中生的自我概念显著低于高中生。(2)职中生与高中生的学科自我概念与学科成绩之间的关系有同有异,但都符合内外参照模型。     

情境模型的更新：事件框架依赖假设的进一步证据

采用多指标探测范式, 从客体信息以及活动信息的角度出发, 考察事件框架内外时间、空间转换对情境模型更新的影响。结果发现：在事件框架内, 维度转换并不是情境模型更新的充分条件, 时间转换与终止的活动信息相结合引起情境模型的快速更新, 而空间转换与移除的客体信息相结合引起情境模型的快速更新; 在事件框架外, 维度转换是情境模型更新的充分条件, 维度转换会引起情境模型的更新。研究丰富了事件框架依赖假设。     

关系持续预期与规范目标激活：合适性逻辑下的信任决策

人际互动过程中,信任作为决策过程受到诸多因素的影响,信任的决策逻辑在不同的研究背景中存在冲突。本研究以合适性为信任决策框架,互动关系为激活规范目标的变量,分析了存在互动关系持续预期和不存在互动关系持续预期对信任行为的影响及其影响机制。结果表明：（1）被试间存在关系持续时,信任水平较高;关系持续预期消失时,信任水平显著下降。（2）被试对关系持续的重要性感知与其信任决策显著相关。（3）情境中的目标未被激活时,个体的信任倾向与信任决策显著相关;而当情境目标被激活时,信任倾向与信任决策相关不显著。     

触觉时序知觉手臂交叉效应的性别差异

本研究探讨触觉时序知觉的手臂交叉效应是否存在性别差异。通过两个实验在较短和较长的SOA条件下考察男性和女性被试在基于体觉和基于外部空间的触觉时序判断任务中的表现。结果表明,男性与女性被试在基于体觉和基于外部空间的触觉时序判断任务中均存在手臂交叉效应,SOA较短时男性被试的手臂交叉效应显著小于女性被试,但在SOA较长的条件下手臂交叉效应没有明显的性别差异。触觉时序知觉手臂交叉效应的性别差异可能与空间知觉能力和生理解剖学因素有关。     

Psychoanalytic psychodrama in France and group elaboration of counter‐transference: Therapeutic operators in play therapy

In France, psychoanalytic psychodrama is mainly envisioned in its individual form – that is, a single patient working with a group of therapists. Its originality consists in bringing together several clinicians within a clinical experience that is shared as a group. This experience is fundamentally different from traditional individual therapies, psychotherapies or group co‐led therapies. Its configuration may be confusing or overwhelming due to the large number of co‐therapists involved in the setting. However, thanks to group elaboration based on the transferential‐countertransferential dynamics induced by the treated patient, this potential ‘cacophony’ can lead to fruitful psychic development embedded in play. This is tied to the co‐therapists' positioning in the transitional space shared with the patient as well as to the patient's subjective appropriation of their initiatives. By reflecting on clinical material taken from actual sessions as well as from the exchanges and elaborations occurring at their margins, this article shows how psychodrama and group come to metabolize the transferential elements, shaping the engagement of participants in the context of improvised play.     

艾勒悖论再探——三结果决策的齐当别式表征:“好-坏”抑或“最好-最坏”?

艾勒悖论的第一项决策任务属于三结果决策任务,这对齐当别模型以及鉴别其不同判断任务间的优势都具有特殊意义。本研究通过3项子研究系统的探讨了不同表征方式("最好-最坏","好-坏")、不同判断任务(经典判断任务与联合判断任务)、不同数量级的结果值(万元级、百万元级以及亿元级)以及不同决策情境(迫选,非迫选)上,齐当别模型对艾勒悖论的解释力。结果显示:无论是迫选情境还是非迫选情境,经典的艾勒悖论均可被齐当别模型解释,但应基于"好-坏"而非"最好-最坏"表征维度;齐当别模型的联合判断任务在三结果决策任务上的预测力也再次被证明优于经典判断任务。     

言语行为的关系框架理论视角:孤独症谱系障碍的新探索

语言功能异常是孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)的典型症状之一。1957年,斯金纳从行为学角度提出"言语行为",认为人们获得表达和理解语言的能力与学会走路、跳舞等行为的原理相同。2001年,海斯等人在斯金纳的基础上提出关于人类语言和认知的新视角——关系框架理论(Relational Frame Theory,RFT),澄清了语言的推衍性实质,认为言语行为是将一个刺激与其他刺激建立关系框架的过程。研究表明基于RFT的多范例训练可以提升ASD患者的推衍关系反应水平,且推衍关系反应与语言和认知功能的发展高相关。未来RFT的研究可以探索如何通过推衍关系反应训练修复ASD患者的语言和认知功能缺陷。     

Frame Based Formulas for Intermediate Logics

In this paper we define the notion of frame based formulas. We show that the well-known examples of formulas arising from a finite frame, such as the Jankov-de Jongh formulas, subframe formulas and cofinal subframe formulas, are all particular cases of the frame based formulas. We give a criterion for an intermediate logic to be axiomatizable by frame based formulas and use this criterion to obtain a simple proof that every locally tabular intermediate logic is axiomatizable by Jankov-de Jongh formulas. We also show that not every intermediate logic is axiomatizable by frame based formulas. Presented by Johan van Benthem