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We present a framework for expressing various merging operators for belief sets. This framework generalises our earlier work on consistency-based belief revision and contraction. Two primary merging operators are identified: in the first approach, belief sources are consistently combined so that the result of merging knowledge bases K1,…,Kn is a maximal consistent (if possible) set of formulas comprising the joint knowledge of the knowledge bases. This approach then accords with one's intuitions as to what a “merge” operator should do. The second approach is more akin to a generalised belief revision operator. Knowledge bases K1,…,Kn are “projected” onto another (in the simplest case the knowledge base where only tautologies are known). Properties of these operators are investigated, primarily by comparing their properties with postulates that have been identified previously in the literature. Notably, the approach is independent of syntax, in that merging knowledge bases K1,…,Kn is independent of how each Ki is expressed. As well, we investigate the role of entailment-based and consistency-based integrity constraints, the interrelationships between these approaches and belief revision, and the expression of further merging operators. 相似文献
84.
知觉负载、注意定势与选择性注意 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本研究采用Eriksen Flanker(侧抑制)范式,将当前任务区分为高、低知觉负载两种条件.并系统操纵边缘视野干扰项与中央靶子的不同加工层次关系,从而考察注意选择的知觉负载理论。实验一发现,高知觉负载情况下没有任何flanker冲突效应,而低知觉负载情况下既有知觉层次和反应层次的冲突效应,也有一致条件下的促进效应。实验二增加了一致条件试次的比例,从而操纵自上而下的注意定势,发现高、低知觉负载情况下都存在知觉冲突效应和一致条件下的促进效应。这些发现表明,对任务无关信息的加工既受到任务相关信息的知觉负载和剩余加工资源的分配的影响,也受到自上而下注意定势的影响;自下而上和自上而下过程相互作用,共同决定加工资源的分配和注意选择的认知阶段。 相似文献
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86.
John Polkinghorne 《Zygon》2000,35(4):927-940
This account of the dynamical theory of chaos leads to a metaphysical picture of a world with an open future, in which the laws of physics are emergent-downward approximations to a more subtle and supple reality and in which there is downward causation through information input as well as upward causation through energy input. Such a metaphysical picture can accommodate both human and divine agency. 相似文献
87.
Siegfried Gottwald 《Studia Logica》2006,84(1):23-50
For classical sets one has with the cumulative hierarchy of sets, with axiomatizations like the system ZF, and with the category SET of all sets and mappings standard approaches toward global universes of all sets.We discuss here the corresponding situation for fuzzy set theory. Our emphasis will be on various approaches toward (more or less naively formed) universes of fuzzy sets as well as on axiomatizations, and on categories of fuzzy sets.What we give is a (critical) survey of quite a lot of such approaches which have been offered in the last approximately 35 years.Part I was devoted to model based and to axiomatic approaches; the present Part II is devoted to category theoretic approaches.This paper is a version of the invited talk given by the author at the conference Trends in Logic III, dedicated to the memory of A. MOSTOWSKI, H. RASIOWA and C. RAUSZER, and held in Warsaw and Ruciane-Nida from 23rd to 25th September 2005. 相似文献
88.
执行功能子成分与学业成就的关系 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
目的:探讨执行功能三个子成分(抑制功能、转换功能和信息刷新功能)与学业成就的关系。方法:采用认知任务对85名大学生的执行功能子成分进行测量,并进行执行功能子成分的Stroop效应、转换任务效应及信息刷新任务效应对学业成就的逐步回归分析。结果:抑制子功能的Stroop效应及信息刷新子功能的任务效应对学业成就具有负向预测作用,两者共同解释学业成就变异的15.1%。其中,抑制子功能的Stroop效应预测作用最大,可解释学业成就变异的8.5%。结论:执行功能抑制子功能的Stroop效应及信息刷新子功能的任务效应可作为学业成就的预测因子。 相似文献
89.
Byeong-Uk Yi 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2005,34(5-6):459-506
Contemporary accounts of logic and language cannot give proper treatments of plural constructions of natural languages. They
assume that plural constructions are redundant devices used to abbreviate singular constructions. This paper and its sequel,
“The logic and meaning of plurals, II”, aim to develop an account of logic and language that acknowledges limitations of singular
constructions and recognizes plural constructions as their peers. To do so, the papers present natural accounts of the logic
and meaning of plural constructions that result from the view that plural constructions are, by and large, devices for talking
about many things (as such). The account of logic presented in the papers surpasses contemporary Fregean accounts in its scope.
This extension of the scope of logic results from extending the range of languages that logic can directly relate to. Underlying
the view of language that makes room for this is a perspective on reality that locates in the world what plural constructions
can relate to. The papers suggest that reflections on plural constructions point to a broader framework for understanding
logic, language, and reality that can replace the contemporary Fregean framework as this has replaced its Aristotelian ancestor. 相似文献
90.
Larissa N. Niec Jenelle R. Shanley Miya L. Barnett Sarah E. Baker David T. Solomon 《Child & family behavior therapy》2015,37(2):105-113
The behavioral assessment of parent-child interactions is an important component of treatment planning and evaluation in many evidence-based parent training programs. However, numerous factors unrelated to the parent-child interaction may add error to the assessment. This study investigated the impact of task instructions on parents’ behaviors during the analogue parent-child interaction observation, the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System (DPICS). Forty-eight mother-child dyads were randomly assigned to one of two conditions that differed on level of specificity of instructions. Significant differences were observed between groups, with parents who received specific instructions using more praises during the DPICS tasks. Specific instructions may shift parents’ behaviors toward optimal, rather than typical, interaction patterns and should be considered in the context of the assessment goals. 相似文献