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531.
Pigeons' preference for variable-interval water reinforcement under widely varied water budgets. 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
Water budget of pigeons was varied to assess the dependence of risk-sensitive preferences upon economic context such as has been reported for energy-budget manipulations with small animals in behavioral ecology research. Fixed- and variable-interval terminal-link water schedules reinforced choice between equal variable-interval initial-link schedules arranged on two pecking keys. While keeping a severely restrictive budget the same across three phases of the experiment, a contrasting distinct ample budget was arranged in each. To mimic typical methods in behavioral ecology studies, in each ample budget a more than three-fold increase in amount of water per reinforcer presentation was instituted simultaneously with significantly increased overall access to water. Total choice response rates plummeted in the ample budgets, and body weights either increased significantly or remained unchanged in different phases as expected by the nature of the different manipulations. Clear preferences for the variable-interval schedule were found throughout the experiment, except for rare instances of key bias. The results agree with similar operant food-reinforcement studies and extend conditions under which risk preference apparently does not depend upon economic context. 相似文献
532.
Kevin P. Quinn Ed.D. Michael H. Epstein Ed.D. Carla L. Cumblad M.S.Ed. 《Journal of child and family studies》1995,4(1):19-42
Increased attention to the plight of children and youth with emotional or behavioral disorders (EBD) and their families has led to innovations in the manner in which these individuals are served. Two such innovations have been the development of public systems of comprehensive, community-based care and individualized wraparound services. This study was part of one community's attempt to merge these two innovations and provide individualized wraparound services to children and youth with EBD through the auspices of public agencies. Direct service providers were surveyed to gather their input into how such services could best be developed and implemented. The survey focused on existing barriers to providing services and specific service priorities for system development. Methods and results are presented. Implications for the local system and future research needs are discussed. 相似文献
533.
Roger A. Boothroyd Anne D. Kuppinger Mary E. Evans Mary I. Armstrong Marleen Radigan 《Journal of child and family studies》1998,7(3):353-376
Respite care is widely believed to be an important support service for families raising a child with a disability. We report the findings of a respite care utilization study conducted within the context of a larger research and demonstration project examining three models of intensive, in-home services for children experiencing psychiatric crises. Respite care, both in-home and out-of-home, was a support service available to families in two of the three study conditions. Overall, 34% of 146 eligible families used in-home and or out-of-home respite care. Utilization was lower than the estimates developed prior to implementation, prompting an inquiry at the end of the first project year designed to maximize use and to gather more information on caregiver and service provider attitudes toward respite care. The inquiry included caregiver and provider focus groups, surveys, and enhanced data collection and analysis. Caregiver interviews indicated that many families did not fully understand what it meant to receive respite care or even that it was available to them. A comparative analysis of respite care users and non-users revealed that respite care users were more likely to have younger children, children who had a greater number of assessed functional impairments, and fewer social supports. Respite care users also reported greater difficulty managing their children's difficult behaviors. 相似文献
534.
Michael H. Epstein Kevin P. Quinn Karl Dennis Kathy Dennis Ron Hardy Janet McKelvey Carla Cumblad 《Journal of child and family studies》1998,7(3):297-316
The child welfare system of the early 1990s was marked by the proliferation of home-based services. Research on the effectiveness of various home-based interventions indicates results have been equivocal. The need to make explicit the specific characteristics of the adults and children targeted for home-based services, particularly families from diverse cultural backgrounds, has been identified as a critically needed contribution to the literature. In this study, the characteristics and service utilization experiences of adults and families served in an urban, home-based, child welfare program was examined. The results are discussed in relation to findings on the characteristics and experiences of adults and families served in other settings. Implications for future research and service delivery are discussed. 相似文献
535.
To apply behavior analysis to normal adults in non institutional settings, we may have to encourage their participation in the design and implementation of behavioral technology. This study evaluates a technology by which the members of a student housing cooperative manage their own staff with a minimum of supervision by one of the program designers. This staff management system consisted of prompts, self-reports, spot checks, and contingent rent reductions. Six resident staff members performed substantially more of their assigned tasks when this system was used. In addition, the management system was acceptable to the members, was affordable, and maintained high levels of staff performance during a 5-year follow-up. Participation by the members in the design and implementation of this system appears to have been useful in helping the behavior analysts to develop an unusually durable management system. 相似文献
536.
Child, Family and Case Characteristics: Links with Service Utilization in Physically Abused Children
Cora E. Ezzell Cynthia Cupit Swenson Richard A. Faldowski 《Journal of child and family studies》1999,8(3):271-284
We investigated the relationships between child, familial, and case characteristics and mental health and medical health care service utilization by physically abused children. Participants included 26 parents or caregivers of 37 Medicaid-eligible children who had substantiated cases of physical abuse. Children whose female caregivers reported a greater number of stressors were more likely to receive mental health care. Furthermore, children not living with the maltreating caregiver were more likely to receive medical health care services. Results are discussed in terms of factors that may account for these links, and the similarities of these findings with those of service utilization in general and clinical child samples. 相似文献
537.
Zeiler M 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1999,71(2):171-186
Pigeons received food according to either fixed-interval, fixed-ratio, or random-interval schedules in both closed and open feeding economies. In the closed economy, they were not food deprived, they controlled the amount of food received at each meal, and they had no other source of food. In the open economy, each feeding bout consisted of one feeder cycle, and the pigeons received supplemental feeding as needed to maintain them at 80% of their free-feeding weights. Response rate always increased with larger schedule requirements in the closed economy, but it either decreased steadily or increased and then decreased in the open economy. Initial pauses lengthened with longer fixed intervals or fixed ratios (FR) in the open economy but less so in the closed economy. Responding continued under FR 10,000 schedules in the closed economy, but never survived FR 400 in the open economy. In the open economy, fixed-interval schedules could maintain far more behavior than could either fixed ratios or random intervals. Familiar concepts such as matching and arousal can describe at least some of the behavior in the open economy, but current theory does not apply well to behavior in the closed economy. An explanation of economy-dependent effects might begin with the possibility that the two economies invoke different evolved survival strategies. These strategies influence behavior by means of different mechanisms and laws. The strategy for the closed economy may relate to weight conservation, but that for the open economy may be based on energy conservation. 相似文献
538.
Dwight Steven Juba 《Contemporary Family Therapy》1997,19(2):177-193
General System Theory is used to examine the structure and activity of human services organizations for conditions which support the introduction of selected narrative ideas in a systemic approach to mental health services. The inquiry includes examination of the influence of larger systems (such as managed care companies and regulatory bodies) on such introduction. 相似文献
539.
Deborah Morisse Lalita Batra Larry Hess Randy Silverman Patrick Corrigan 《Applied and Preventive Psychology》1997,5(1):41-46
Token economies are rarely used in real-world psychiatric settings because of barriers to their implementation, such an institutional constraints and insufficient collegial support. The line-level treatment team at Elgin Mental Health Center was able to overcome these contraints and develop a user-friendly token economy. This article describes Elgin's simple yet effective token economy and the process used to develop it. 相似文献
540.
Sherry Glied Christina W. Hoven A. Bowen Garrett Robert E. Moore Philip Leaf Hector R. Bird Sherryl Goodman Darrel Regier Margarita Alegria 《Journal of child and family studies》1997,6(2):177-190
Epidemiological studies of the prevalence of mental health disorders typically contain multiple measures of mental health, using different instruments and different informants (child, parent, and interviewer). We used the Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescents Mental Disorder (MECA) study of U.S. youth to assess the effects of employing a range of these measures in mental health services research. We examined the effect of including various measures of mental health status in regressions of income on mental health service use. The estimated effect of income on service use varied widely, depending on the measure of mental health status used. Some measures of mental health status have little explanatory power in service use regressions. Measures of mental health status based on parental assessment of impairment or need, such as the Columbia Impairment Scale, are less costly to collect and also have good explanatory power, but are more strongly correlated with income. The Non-Clinician Child Global Assessment Scale (NC-CGAS) performs best in terms of explanatory power and correlation with income. Higher income parents appeared to judge behaviors differently from lower income parents, so analyses based on measures derived from parental report may lead to an understatement of the effect of income on service use. 相似文献