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101.
A great variety of medical conditions are subject to the placebo effect. Although there is mounting evidence to suggest that
the placebo effect is related to the expectation of clinical benefit, little is still known about the biochemical bases underlying
placebo responses. Positron emission tomography studies have recently shown that the placebo effect in Parkinson’s disease,
pain, and depression is related to the activation of the limbic circuitry. The observation that placebo administration induces
the release of dopamine in the ventral striatum of patients with Parkinson’s disease suggests a link between the placebo effect
and reward mechanisms. In addition to Parkinson’s disease, the placebo-reward model may also apply to other disorders. However,
the relative contribution of the different neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that are known to be involved in modulating
the activity of the limbic system may be disease-specific. Thus, while the placebo-induced clinical benefit observed in Parkinson’s
disease would mostly reflect the release of dopamine in the dorsal striatum, the activation of opioid and serotonin pathways
could be particularly implicated in mediating placebo responses encountered in pain and depression, respectively.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “Placebo: Its Action and Place in Health Research
Today,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 12–13 April, 2003. 相似文献
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Katie L. Burkhouse Mary L. Woody Max Owens John E. McGeary Valerie S. Knopik Brandon E. Gibb 《Cognition & emotion》2016,30(2):275-287
The current study examined sensitivity in detecting emotional faces among children of depressed and non-depressed mothers. A second goal was to examine the potential moderating role of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR rs53576), which has been linked to emotion recognition in the past. Participants included 247 children (ages 8–14). Children completed a forced choice emotion identification task. Maternal history of major depressive disorder during children's lives was associated with children's sensitivity in detecting emotional faces among children homozygous for the OXTR rs53576 G allele, but not among carriers of the A allele. Among G homozygotes, children of depressed mothers exhibited increased sensitivity in detecting sad faces, and reduced sensitivity in detecting happiness, compared to children of non-depressed mothers. 相似文献
105.
Tércio Apolinário-Souza Ana Flávia Santos Almeida Natália Lelis-Torres Juliana Otoni Parma Grace Schenatto Pereira Guilherme Menezes Lage 《Journal of motor behavior》2020,52(5):515-526
AbstractVariable practice promotes a higher level of motor learning than constant practice. The glutamate receptors, n-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and alfa-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic (AMPA), have been associated with the changes in motor cortex that occur throughout the process of motor learning. Considering that, it is possible that variable practice is more associated with the NMDA and AMPA receptors than constant practice. This study aimed ao investigating the association between the glutamate receptors, NMDA and AMPA, and constant and variable practice schedules. Seventy-eight male mice practiced the rotarod task in a constant or variable scheduling, in two consecutive days (acquisition phase). Learning tests were performed 24?h and 10?days after the end of the acquisition phase. Variable practice was more associated with the NMDA receptor and had a greater AMPA receptor expression than constant practice. The results suggest that the benefits of variable practice are result of both the greater dependency on the NMDA receptor and the greater AMPA receptor expression. 相似文献