高功能自闭症个体对威胁性情绪面孔的注意偏向

高功能自闭症(High-Functioning Autism, HFA)个体智力正常, 但也面临着严重的社会功能障碍。对威胁性情绪面孔的注意偏向与HFA个体社会功能的发展密切相关。梳理相关研究发现, HFA个体在自动加工阶段和情绪目标参与阶段, 不存在威胁性情绪面孔注意偏向; 而在任务与情绪无关的控制加工阶段, 存在威胁性情绪面孔注意偏向。针对HFA个体威胁性情绪面孔注意偏向的理论解释主要有杏仁核理论、强烈世界理论和执行功能理论等。神经生理机制方面, HFA个体对威胁性情绪面孔的注意偏向可能与其异常的皮下及皮层通路功能有关, 同时可能会受5-羟色胺系统基因及催产素水平等的影响。未来研究可在综合考虑研究方法及个体因素的基础上, 进一步探究其加工特征及神经生物机制, 着力开发科学有效的干预策略。     

Attributions for social failure and adolescent aggression

In the present study, 119 high school boys and 79 institutionalized delinquent boys of the same age range were assessed on their own aggressive behavior and on their tendencies to attribute social failure to controllable, external, stable causes, anticipate a hostile affective response, and endorse aggressive behavioral responses to by pothetical social situations. While the two populations of boys did not differ detectably in their attributional tendencies, the relations between an individual's aggressiveness and an individual's attributions differed considerably across the two populations. In particular, among deliquent but not among delinquent but not among nondelinquent boys, the tendency to attribute one's social failures to stable and controllable causes predicted stronger hostile emotional responses to failure and a tendency to endorse physically aggressive responses following such failure. These hostile emotional responses to failure and this preference for a physically aggressive response, in turn, predicted greater actual aggression within the population of delinquent boys. Neither of these links could be demonstrated for nondelinquent boys. However, in the nondelinquent sample, attributing social failure to external and controllable causes predicted endorsement of aggressive responses only indirectly through increased hostile affect. It was concluded that the specific relations between cognitive and affective responses to social failure may be a contributing factor to the serious physical aggression displayed by some delinquents and to the less serious aggression of nondelinquents. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Instigation to aggress and escalation of aggression examined from a personological perspective: The role of irritability and of emotional susceptibility

Two studies were conducted using Buss hostility machine paradigm to investigate the role of individual differences in irritability and emotional susceptibility on the instigation to aggress by a self-esteem lowering manipulation and on the hypothesized escalation of aggression over trials. The role of sex was also examined. In the first study, 60 highly irritable and 60 low irritable subjects were given the opportunity to deliver electric shocks to an experimental confederate, half after being provoked by a negative judgement on their performance in a learning task, half without such an experience. Each group of subjects was divided equally between males and females. It was found that highly irritable subjects, both males and females, delivered higher shocks after provocation than low irritable subjects under similar circumstances. An upward drift of shock level over trials was found only in provoked males and only in highly irritable females. In the second study, 60 highly emotionally susceptible and 60 low emotionally susceptible males and females were given the opportunity to deliver electric shocks to an experimental confederate, half after experiencing provocation, half without such an experience. It was found that provoked subjects delivered higher shocks than unprovoked subjects and that highly emotionally susceptible subjects delivered higher shocks than low emotionally susceptible subjects. Whereas an upward drift of shock levels over trials was found only in provoked males, the same effect was found in females, whether provoked or not. These findings are discussed in terms of the importance of stable personality characteristics that may mediate aggressive response.     

青春期情感自主性与学业成绩相关研究

本研究采用斯腾伯格和斯尔弗伯格编制的情感自主性量表 (EmotionalAutonomyScale)研究青春期情感自主性与学业成绩之间的关系。研究结果表明 :1.青春期表现出较为明显的情感自主性 ;2 .情感自主性对学业成绩的影响呈显著性水平 ;3.青春期情感自主性与学业成绩呈现相关关系。父母形象的非理想化与学业成绩成正相关 ,即父母的非理想化程度越高 ,学业成绩越差 ;而个体化与学业成绩成负相关 ,即个体化程度越高 ,学业成绩越差。 4 .青春期情感自主性存在明显的性别差异 ,女生的得分明显高于男生     

社会性发展迟滞大学生的情绪韵律识别特点

情绪韵律识别指个体通过对他人话语中除语义以外的声学线索进行分析,推断他人情绪状态的过程。本研究通过2个实验对社会性发展迟滞大学生的情绪韵律识别特点进行探索。结果发现：（1）社会性发展迟滞组厌恶和恐惧韵律的识别正确率显著低于对照组,两组在其他情绪韵律识别正确率上无显著差异;且两组被试情绪韵律识别趋势一致：高兴、愤怒、悲伤、恐惧和厌恶韵律识别正确率依次递减;（2）当语义与韵律矛盾时,迟滞组比对照组更易受语义干扰。     

社会排斥的研究范式与理论模型

社会排斥是一种普遍现象, 对个体和社会有很大影响, 具多种表现形式。常见研究范式有拒绝范式、放逐范式、孤独终老范式及其他范式。其理论模型有需要-威胁的时间模型、多元动机模型及情绪麻木和自我控制失败说。当前研究在社会排斥对基本需要、情绪和自尊有何影响上存在争议。未来需谨慎使用研究范式, 明确研究对象, 提高研究的生态效度, 寻找社会排斥出现的原因, 探索有效的干预措施, 在中国文化背景下开展社会排斥研究。     

基本情绪的神经基础：来自fMRI与机器视觉技术研究的证据

基本情绪理论(basic emotion theory)是情绪科学领域最具代表性的理论, 该理论认为人类情绪是由有限的几种基本情绪组成的, 如恐惧、愤怒、喜悦、悲伤等。基本情绪是为了完成基本生命任务(fundamental life task)进化而来的, 每一种基本情绪都有独特的神经结构和生理基础。尽管基本情绪理论被广泛接受, 但是对于基本情绪的种类却莫衷一是。近几十年来, 许多fMRI研究试图确定各种基本情绪的独特神经结构基础, 而且取得了许多重要发现, 比如厌恶和脑岛有关, 悲伤和前扣带回有关, 杏仁核是与恐惧有关的重要边缘结构等。但是, 最近有人进行了元分析研究, 发现许多基本情绪存在混淆的大脑区域, 因此对基本情绪的特定脑区理论提出质疑, 甚至否定基本情绪理论。通过对基本情绪及其神经基础的探讨, 以及对基本情绪理论的最新功能性磁共振成像研究进行梳理分析, 提出有关基本情绪理论的争论来源于基本情绪种类的确定, 因为许多所谓的不同基本情绪实际上是同一种基本情绪, 提出人类可能只有3种基本情绪。未来研究可以利用机器视觉技术进一步推动基本情绪脑影像研究。     

心理应激的免疫抑制作用及其与神经内分泌反应的相关性

以给予经定时喂水训练大鼠空瓶刺激为情绪性心理应激源,研究了此情绪应激对大鼠特异性原发体液免疫反应的影响及其可能的作用机制。结果表明每次10分钟,共14次的情绪应激显著降低大鼠抗特异性抗原OVA的抗体水平及脾脏指数,而显著增高血肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和皮质酮水平。研究还发现去甲肾上腺素与抗特异性抗原OVA的抗体水平呈显著负相关。该研究证实了情绪性心理应激对大鼠体液免疫功能的抑制作用,并提示交感神经系统可能参与了此免疫调节作用。     

综合智力:对智力概念的整合

对于智力的概念和效果长期以来存在争议和怀疑。研究表明传统的智力概念不良很好解释个体的成就。     

职前教师情绪复杂性对情绪面孔加工的影响——来自行为、ERP和眼动的证据

采用ERP和眼动技术考察职前教师情绪复杂性对情绪面孔加工的影响。实验采用面孔识别范式,分别比较高低情绪复杂性的职前教师在加工4类基本情绪时的ERP和眼动差异。行为结果显示,除愉快情绪外,高分组在其他3种情绪加工的正确率上显著高于低分组,反应时上则显著短于低分组;ERP结果显示,高分组在P100、N170和LPP三个成分的幅值上均显著高于低分组,而在VPP、P200和N200三个成分的幅值上则显著低于低分组;眼动结果显示,高分组在总注视点个数、注视频率和瞳孔直径上高于低分组,而在眼跳时间和眼跳幅度上则小于低分组。这些结果表明情绪复杂性影响情绪面孔的加工,高情绪复杂性促使个体在情绪信息加工时对情绪类别信息更敏感,且采用更高的加工效率和更优的加工模式。