Application of local linear embedding to nonlinear exploratory latent structure analysis

In this paper we discuss the use of a recent dimension reduction technique called Locally Linear Embedding, introduced by Roweis and Saul, for performing an exploratory latent structure analysis. The coordinate variables from the locally linear embedding describing the manifold on which the data reside serve as the latent variable scores. We propose the use of semiparametric penalized spline methods for reconstruction of the manifold equations that approximate the data space. We also discuss a crossvalidation strategy that can guide in selecting an appropriate number of latent variables. Synthetic as well as real data sets are used to illustrate the proposed approach. A nonlinear latent structure representation of a data set also serves as a data visualization tool.     

记忆重构和信心评估:商标属性与使用经验的影响

记忆是重现,还是重构?已有理论存在争论。本研究以商标信息为实验材料,应用任务分离范式、元记忆检测范式等方法,探讨了商标属性和用户使用经验对记忆重构的影响。结果发现:(1)商标信息的正确回忆频数及成绩显著低于错误回忆的频数和成绩。(2)简单商标的记忆成绩高于复杂商标的记忆成绩;同时,忠实用户对商标信息的记忆成绩显著高于非忠实用户;(3)在回忆任务之前,人们对商标信息的回忆及其信心评估存在分离;但在回忆任务后二者的变化趋于一致。这表明,复杂程度对商标信息的记忆重构存在显著影响,而且存在用户类型差异;商标信息的记忆重构过程中元认知判断及信心评估会发生变化。     

全球性道德危机与道德重建——麦金泰尔道德哲学意蕴

作为当代西方道德伦理学家的麦金太尔,一直以来都关注着社会伦理道德理论研究与现实状况：本文正是对其在道德危机领域的研究做了简单的梳理,对其关于当今全球性道德危机产生的根源及其重建进行了归纳与概括,     

Working through and its various models

Working through is an integral part of the psychoanalytic process, one could even say its epitome. It is therefore always present in the work of an analysis but, depending on the various phases and constraints that arise in that process, changes are brought to its form, to the issues involved in it and to its economic dimension. The author explores three forms or models of how working-through functions in relation to the dominant feature of any given analytical process. In the first of these, the issue that has to be worked over involves insight into a repressed representational complex; in the second, work has to be done on bringing into consciousness drive-related impulses or mental experiences that have until then not been able to be represented, so that the analysis itself is the first occasion on which retroactive [après-coup] processing can be initiated; and in the third, when representation and some kind of symbolization of the subjective experience and the drive-related issues that are part of it have been accomplished, the analysand then has to appropriate these subjectively and integrate them.     

心理学研究方法的系统分析与体系重构

心理学研究方法在心理学的发展中占有特别重要的地位。当前,心理学研究方法已经成为心理学中的一门重要学科,相关论文和教材很多。本文首先对心理学研究方法的发展进行了简要概述,重点指出了心理学研究方法研究中存在的重大问题,在此基础上,我们对心理学研究方法进行了系统分析,并构建了心理学研究方法的新体系。     

Why and how can religions and traditions be plausible and credible in public ethics today?

This article presents and discusses the meaning of a possible foundation of ethics, both from a philosophical perspective and with regard to religious representations. It proposes to enlarge the conception of rationality in order to take into account the critical contribution of cultures, traditions and religions to an ethics of reconstruction. This also entails rethinking the role of theological ethics and seeking to make more explicit the cultural plausibility and the practical credibility of Christianity in public ethics today.     

The role of the patient's remembered history and unconscious past in the evolution of Betty Joseph's 'Here and now' clinical technique (1959-1989)

The author historicizes one aspect of Betty Joseph's ongoing technical contributions in terms of its originating London kleinian context. Early on she drew upon both the patient's remembered history and unconscious past, linking these experiences in past-to-present transference interpretations in order to effect psychic change. In evolving the technique of 'here and now' analysis, Joseph came to emphasize a communicative definition of projective and introjective identification as well as the significance of enactments while marginalizing the use of part-object anatomical interpretative language. She gradually set aside directly linking the patient's past with the present, compelled now by making direct contact with her patients. She now tracked how difficult patients acted in and responded to interpretations from moment to moment. The author maintains that the explicit and implicit conceptual work of Wilfred Bion as well as Joseph's continuous group workshop for analysts led to an increased understanding of the patient's projective impact on the analyst's countertransference responses, and thereby increased the analyst's capacity with 'difficult to treat' narcissistic spectrum patients described by her colleague, Herbert Rosenfeld. In recent work, while Joseph continues to elucidate what patients recall about their early past, she formats her understanding in terms of a direct analysis of the structure of the patient's projected internal object relations in the transference. The analyst works with the patient's communications and enactments, with a greater emphasis on a more 'inside-to-outside' understanding of transference in contrast to the earlier 'past-to-present' work associated with both Freud and Klein. This investigation concludes with one example of Betty Joseph's significant impact on contemporary kleinian technique by taking up some of Michael Feldman's work. Now the analyst listens to the 'past presented,' the patient's projected internal world, as well as tracks how the patient hears and subtly mishears interpretations for defensive, equilibrium-maintaining purposes, as the analyst attempts to effect psychic change by widening the ego's perceiving functions.     

交叉韧带重建中自体及同种异体移植物的研究进展

在临床实践中,交叉韧带的断裂损伤很常见,有效的重建是重要的治疗手段。在交叉韧带重建手术中,韧带移植物的选择不仅是手术成功的前提,也是影响预后的重要因素。自体肌腱和同种异体肌腱具有良好的生物学特性,广泛用于韧带重建。本文就自体肌腱与同种异体肌腱作为移植物的优缺点、适应证、组织学转归、移植后的强度、本体感觉的恢复以及特殊人群移植物的选择等方面的临床研究进展进行对比,为临床选择合适的韧带移植物提供理论依据。     

骨搬移重建微循环的哲学启示

自前苏联Ilizarov医生发现慢性牵拉后组织再生的“张力 应力法则”至今,骨外固定系统已逐渐完善并形成了一种全新的骨科治疗体系.骨搬移技术对物质发展的根本规律、生物学的基础研究、自然重建理念的形成、多种外科疾病的诊治思路和诊疗方法皆产生了重要影响.本文从医学与哲学的角度,论述了骨搬移技术的发展、对牵拉区域微循环的重建及其中包含的哲学思想,为骨搬移技术治疗骨科及血管外科系统疾病提供了医学与哲学上的思路和方法.     

The influence of story context on a working memory span task

The purpose of the present study was to examine factors that could influence whether recall performance in the reading span task (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980 Daneman, M. and Carpenter, P. 1980. Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19: 450–466. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) would benefit from the contextual information from the sentences in the processing component of the task. More specifically, we investigated whether people would benefit from sentence sets that formed short stories or when the entire span task was one continuous story. Overall, there was a clear benefit for contextually related sentence sets (i.e., the story span tasks) compared to the traditional reading span task. However, the benefit was eliminated when the entire set formed one continuous story. These results support the recall reconstruction hypothesis for working memory (Towse, Cowan, Hitch, & Horton, 2008 Towse, J. N., Cowan, N., Hitch, G. J. and Horton, N. J. 2008. The recall of information from working memory: Insights from behavioural and chronometric perspectives. Experimental Psychology, 55: 371–383. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), which suggests that people may strategically use the content of the sentences from the processing component of the reading span task as memorial cues to reconstruct the target words of the storage component. However, this benefit is constrained to scenarios when the contextual cues are unique to a specific set.