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1.
Self‐explaining is an effective metacognitive strategy that can help learners develop deeper understanding of the material they study. This experiment explored if the format of material (i.e., text or diagrams) influences the self‐explanation effect. Twenty subjects were presented with information about the human circulatory system and prompted to self‐explain; 10 received this information in text and 10 in diagrams. Results showed that students given diagrams performed significantly better on post‐tests than students given text. Diagrams students also generated significantly more self‐explanations that text students. Furthermore, the benefits of self‐explaining were much greater in the diagrams condition. To discover why diagrams can promote the self‐explanation effect, results are interpreted with reference to the multiple differences in the semantic, cognitive and affective properties of the texts and diagrams studied. 相似文献
2.
Dinsmoor JA Dougan JD Pfister J Thiels E 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1992,58(2):265-276
In the first experiment, 4 pigeons were each presented with a recurring sequence of four key colors followed by the delivery of grain (block clock). Once the rate of pecking had stabilized, three of the colors were replaced, during different series of sessions, by a darkening of the key. The rate of pecking was reduced within those segments of the interval between deliveries of food during which the key was dark; when the key was dark during the final portion of the interval, rates were reduced throughout the entire interval. In the second experiment, 3 new pigeons were exposed to a different sequence of colors, and the final stimulus was replaced in successive conditions by a novel color, a darkened key, and a restoration of the original color. The data indicated that darkening the key had a more severe, more extensive, and more persistent effect than did a mere change in color. These results suggest that it may be fruitful to conceptualize the autoshaping procedure as a special version of the block clock in which pecking is suppressed throughout the greater part of the interval by darkening the key. In the final condition, the same stimulus appeared in each of the last three portions of the interval. The rate of pecking was lower during the last two portions than when distinctive colors were presented, with the peak rate now appearing in the fifth of seven equal temporal components. 相似文献
3.
4.
James F. Voss Rebecca Fincher-Kiefer Jennifer Wiley Laurie Ney Silfies 《Argumentation》1993,7(2):165-181
This paper is concerned with the processing of informal arguments, that is, arguments involving probable truth. A model of informal argument processing is presented that is based upon Hample's (1977) expansion of Toulmin's (1958) model of argument structure. The model postulates that a claim activates an attitude, the two components forming a complex that in turn activates reasons. Furthermore, the model holds occurrence of the reason, or possibly the claim and the reason, activates values. Three experiments are described that provide support for the model.This research was supported by the Mellon Foundation and by the Office of Educational Research and Improvement of the Department of Education via an award for the Center for the Study of Learning to the Learning Research and Development Center. The contents of the paper are not necessarily the position of any of these organizations. 相似文献
5.
Culture wars: American moral divisions across the adult lifespan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lene Arnett Jensen 《Journal of Adult Development》1997,4(2):107-121
Sociologists have argued that the public moral debate in contemporary America is characterized by a “culture war,” pitting
“orthodox” and “progressivist” groups against one another (Hunter, 1991). This study addressed whether the culture war is
evident in the moral thinking of ordinary Americans, and whether age-related patterns exist. Sixty fundamentalist Baptists
(orthodox) and 60 mainline Baptists (progressivist) evaluated and reasoned about moral issues such as divorce and abortion.
Each group was divided evenly into three age groups copsisting of young, midlife, and older adults. Moral reasoning was analyzed
in terms of Shweder's (1990) ethics of autonomy, community, and divinity. Within all three age groups, progressivists used
the ethic of, autonomy more than orthodox participants. Orthodox participants used the ethic of divinity more than progressivists.
Orthodox and progressivist groups did not differ much in their use of the ethic, of community. Very few age group differences
were found within the orthodox and progressivist groups. It is concluded that morality is conceived of in markedly different
wasy by orthodox and progressivist groups, and that these conceptions are consistent across age groups. 相似文献
6.
自由回忆和线索回忆测验中的系列位置效应 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
本文以96个中国汉字为材料,使用自由回忆和线索回忆测验方法,对20名被试进行6组分测验和最后所有汉字的总测验。发现自由回忆分测验中存在明显的系列位置效应,总测验出现负近因现象;线索回忆分测验也表现出明显的系列位置效应,但最后的总测验没有出现负近因现象。上述结果验证了Bjork和Whitten(1974)提出的顺序或情景理论。 相似文献
7.
Agnes Verbiest 《Argumentation》1995,9(5):821-836
An incidental extension of the central domain of argumentation theory with non-classical ways of constructing arguments seems to automatically raise a question that is otherwise rarely posed, namely whether or not it is useful to consider the sex of the arguer. This question is usually posed with regard to argumentation by women in particular. Do women rely more, or differently than men do on non-canonical modes of reasoning stemming from the realm of the emotional, physical and intuitive, instead of the logical? One may simply refer this question to folk-linguistics. One may also take the question seriously, given the findings on women's linguistic behaviour, and for various other reasons that will be explained below.Section 1 sums up the most frequently quoted differences in language use between women and men. This is followed by a non-exhaustive, interdisciplinary review of studies on male/female differences in verbal and written argumentation.Section 2 discusses the role of language and texts in generating and maintaining ideas on gender. These gender messages not only influence the actual argumentation behaviour of women and men, but also the way such behaviour is valued.Section 3 subsequently shows that our ideas on rationality are gendered, and therefore also our ideas on the proper central domain of argumentation theory.Section 4 briefly reflects on why this kind of wrong question about the reasoning of women should sometimes be addressed seriously anyway. 相似文献
8.
设计三种情境考察被试的推理情况,并试图揭示儿童是怎样进行传递性关系推理的。结果显示:(1)3—6岁儿童具有进行传递性关系推理能力;(2)造成我国3—6岁儿童作传递性关系推理失败的原因有二:一是错误理解比较句式,二是没有记住前提;(3)3—6岁儿童进行传递性关系推理的内部过程不同:小年龄段被试多采用“局部加工模式”,大龄段被试多采用“整体空间加工模式”。 相似文献
9.
Resistance To Change As A Function Of Stimulus-reinforcer And Location-reinforcer Contingencies 下载免费PDF全文
Pigeons responded on two keys in each component of a multiple concurrent schedule. In one series of conditions the distribution of reinforcers between keys within one component was varied so as to produce changes in ratios of reinforcer totals for key locations when summed across components. In a second series, reinforcer allocation between components was varied so as to produce changes in ratios of reinforcer totals for components, summed across key locations. In each condition, resistance to change was assessed by presenting response-independent reinforcers during intercomponent blackouts and (for the first series) by extinction of responding on both keys in both components. Resistance to change for response totals within a component was always greater for the component with the larger total reinforcer rate. However, resistance to change for response totals at a key location was not a positive function of total reinforcement for pecking that key; indeed, relative resistance to extinction for the two locations showed a weak negative relation to ratios of reinforcer totals for key location. These results confirm the determination of resistance to change by stimulus—reinforcer contingencies. 相似文献
10.
R O Straub M S Seidenberg T G Bever H S Terrace 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1979,32(2):137-148
Three pigeons learned to peck four colors in a particular sequence, regardless of how these colors were positioned on four response keys and without feedback following each response. This demonstrates that serial learning is possible in subprimate animals. 相似文献