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131.
JUKKA SAARINEN 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1995,36(1):1-9
Treisman and Gelade's (1980) feature-integration model claims that the search for separate ("primitive") stimulus features is parallel, but that the conjunctions of those features require serial scan. Recently, evidence has accumulated that parallel processing is not limited to these "primitive" stimulus features, but that combinations of features can also produce parallel search. In the experiments reported here, the processing of feature conjunctions was studied when the stimulus features of a combination were at different spatial scales. The patterns in the search array were composed of three cross-shaped or T-shaped (local) elements, which formed an oblique bar (the global pattern) 45 deg or 135 deg in orientation. When the target and distractors differed from each other at one spatial scale only (either in the bar orientation or in the shape of the local elements), target detection was independent of the number of distractors, i.e., the search was parallel. In the conjunction task, in which the target and distractors were defined as the combinations of the bar orientation and the element shape, i.e., both spatial scales were relevant, the detection of the target required slow serial scrutiny of the search array. It is possible that the conjunction search could not be performed in parallel because switches between the two scales (or spatial frequency channels) are linked to attention and the task required the use of both scales in order to find the target. 相似文献
132.
Six experiments were used to examine the effects of explicit response, stimulus, and temporal dependencies on responding in an interfood interval. The first two experiments demonstrated that 10-segment 60-s interfood clocks controlled similar distributions of key pecking in pigeons regardless of whether response–reinforcement contiguity was required, allowed, or precluded. The third and fourth experiments found that in the absence of an explicit response–reinforcement dependency, systematic explicit stimuli in an interfood interval were sufficient to establish and maintain the characteristic distribution of key pecking and that an interval without an explicit clock failed to establish or maintain key pecking. The last two experiments demonstrated that the interfood interval need not be of fixed length, and that a simple correlation of stimuli with increments from either a minimum to a maximum imminency or probability of food presentation controlled behavior in a similar manner. Successively higher rates generally occurred to successively later stimuli in the upper half of the range. 相似文献
133.
Nonhuman short-term memory: A quantitative reanalysis of selected findings 总被引:9,自引:9,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
Wixted JT 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1989,52(3):409-426
134.
Joel D. Lieberman Daniel A. Krauss 《Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling》2009,6(1):25-41
Expert witnesses offering testimony in sexually violent predator civil commitment trials may use diagnostic labels that are either familiar (e.g. ‘psychopath’) or unfamiliar (e.g. ‘paraphilia’) to jurors. Using predictions based on cognitive experiential self-theory, we explored the influence of testimony type (clinical versus actuarial) and diagnostic label (psychopath versus paraphilia) on jurors motivated to adopt either an experiential processing mode (PM; in which heuristic cues may be strongly relied upon) or an analytic rational PM. Consistent with previous research, our results indicated that when given a psychopathic diagnostic label, mock jurors motivated to process information experientially were more influenced by clinical testimony, whereas mock jurors induced into a rational mode were more influenced by actuarial testimony. However, experientially oriented jurors given a paraphilia diagnostic label did not show the expected influence of clinical expert testimony, and instead were more persuaded by actuarial testimony. These findings are discussed from a judgement and heuristics cues framework. The implications of several procedural suggestions are examined. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
135.
136.
Dianne A. van Hemert Ype H. Poortinga Fons J. R. van de Vijver 《Cognition & emotion》2013,27(5):913-943
A meta-analysis of 190 cross-cultural emotion studies, published between 1967 and 2000, was performed to examine (1) to what extent reported cross-cultural differences in emotion variables could be regarded as valid (substantive factors) or as method-related (statistical artefacts, cultural bias), and (2) which country characteristics could explain valid cross-cultural differences in emotion. The relative contribution of substantive and method-related factors at sample, study, and country level was investigated and country-level explanations for differences in emotions were tested. Results indicate that a correction for statistical artefacts and method-related factors reduced the observed cross-cultural effect sizes considerably. After controlling for valence (positive vs. negative emotions) and kind of study (self-report vs. recognition studies), the remaining cross-cultural variance was associated with subsistence mode, political system, values, and religiosity. Values explained more variance than did ecological or sociopolitical variables. It was concluded that both method-related factors (13.8% of variance explained) and culture-level factors (27.9% of variance explained) underlie observed cross-cultural differences. 相似文献
137.
Franco A Destrebecqz A 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2012,8(2):144-154
What is the nature of the representations acquired in implicit statistical
learning? Recent results in the field of language learning have shown that
adults and infants are able to find the words of an artificial language when
exposed to a continuous auditory sequence consisting in a random ordering of
these words. Such performance can only be based on processing the transitional
probabilities between sequence elements. Two different kinds of mechanisms may
account for these data: Participants may either parse the sequence into smaller
chunks corresponding to the words of the artificial language, or they may become
progressively sensitive to the actual values of the transitional probabilities
between syllables. The two accounts are difficult to differentiate because they
make similar predictions in comparable experimental settings. In this study, we
present two experiments that aimed at contrasting these two theories. In these
experiments, participants had to learn 2 sets of pseudo-linguistic regularities:
Language 1 (L1) and Language 2 (L2) presented in the context of a serial
reaction time task. L1 and L2 were either unrelated (none of the syllabic
transitions of L1 were present in L2), or partly related (some of the
intra-words transitions of L1 were used as inter-words transitions of L2). The
two accounts make opposite predictions in these two settings. Our results
indicate that the nature of the representations depends on the learning
condition. When cues were presented to facilitate parsing of the sequence,
participants learned the words of the artificial language. However, when no cues
were provided, performance was strongly influenced by the employed transitional
probabilities. 相似文献
138.
Accuracy for a second target (T2) is reduced when it is presented within 500 ms of a first target (T1) in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) - an attentional blink (AB). There are reliable individual differences in the magnitude of the AB. Recent evidence has shown that the attentional approach that an individual typically adopts during a task or in anticipation of a task, as indicated by various measures, predicts individual differences in the AB deficit. It has yet to be observed whether indices of attentional approach when not engaged in a goal-directed task are also relevant to individual differences in the AB. The current studies investigated individual differences in the AB by examining their relationship with attention at rest using quantitative measures of EEG. Greater levels of alpha at rest were associated with larger AB magnitudes, where greater levels of beta at rest were associated with smaller AB magnitudes. Furthermore, individuals with more beta than alpha demonstrated a smaller AB effect than individuals with more alpha than beta. Our results suggest that greater attentional engagement at rest, when not engaged in a goal-directed task, is associated with smaller AB magnitudes. 相似文献
139.
The authors examined the psychometric properties of a clinician‐rated measure of sex offender denial. Convergent and discriminant validity for the measure was supported, and given its relationship to treatment attitudes, the measure demonstrated utility for assessing treatment change and readiness. 相似文献
140.