Análisis del inventario de aserción de Gambrill y Richey

Resumen

Se analiza el Inventario de Aserción de Gambrill y Richey para conocer si mediante la factorizatión de sus ítems, aparecen los componentes y determinantes situacionales considerados importantes por la mayoría de los autores que estudian la aserción. Finalmente se dan instrucciones para su aplicación en la evaluación de la conducta asertiva.     

Evaluation of early relational disturbance in high-risk populations: Borderline personality disorder features,maternal mental state,and observed interaction

Despite the longstanding theoretical association in the attachment literature between maternal trauma history and disturbances in the mother–infant interaction, few studies have investigated mechanisms of transmission of traumatogenic relational patterns in high-risk mother–infant dyads. This study investigated interrelationships among maternal trauma history, distorted maternal representations (DMRs, i.e. disturbed thoughts and feelings about the infant and self-as-parent), maternal mentalisation (i.e. capacity to conceive of self and other's intentions in terms of mental states including thoughts, feelings, and desires), and quality of interaction in a clinical sample of mothers with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) features and their infants (N = 61). Measures used included the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Parent Development Interview, Mother–Infant Relationship Scale, Borderline Symptom Checklist-23, and the Emotional Availability Scales. The results indicated BPD features mediated the relationship between maternal trauma history and DMRs predicting disturbance in interaction. In addition, analyses showed that maternal mentalisation had a buffering effect between DMRs and maternal non-hostility and yet the severity of BPD features moderated the relationship between mentalisation and DMRs. The findings suggest postpartum borderline pathology may adversely impact the experience of being a parent for women with a relational trauma history including deficits in mentalisation (i.e. hypermentalising) and disturbances in the mother–infant interaction. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.     

Changing Me,Changing Us: Relationship Quality and Collective Efficacy as Major Outcomes in Systemic Couple Therapy

We examine the sensitivity to change in the Evaluation of Social Systems (EVOS) scale, which assesses relationship quality and collective efficacy. In Study 1 we conducted a waitlist‐control, short‐term couple therapy RCT study (N = 43 couples) with five systemic therapy sessions treating communication and partnership problems; our intent was to provide high external validity. Construct validity of EVOS was assessed by comparison with additionally applied scales (Family Scales; Outcome Questionnaire, OQ‐45.2). In Study 2, N = 332 individuals completed an experiment with high internal validity in order to verify sensitivity to change in three different social contexts. Results from Study 1 revealed a significant increase in relationship quality in the treatment group directly after treatment, as compared to the control group. Sensitivity to change was slightly better for EVOS than for other measures. While this positive change could not be fully sustained between posttreatment and a 4‐week follow‐up, EVOS score did not fall below baseline and pretreatment levels, supporting moderate‐to‐large sensitivity to change. Study 2 supported high sensitivity to change in EVOS for couple relations, family relations, and work‐team relationships. Therefore, EVOS can be used as an outcome measure to monitor the process of systemic interventions focusing on relationship quality and collective efficacy. Due to its sensitivity to change, EVOS can provide evidence for treatment success with regard to relationship aspects.     

Niveles socioeconómicos-culturales y ejecución lingüística

Resumen

En este artículo se realiza una aproximación al estudio y evaluación del lenguaje desde una perspectiva psicosocial. El objetivo prioritario de esta investigación es conocer y exporter la importancia y relevancia que poseen ciertas variables socioeconómicas culturales, tipificadas como indicadores sociales, sobre el rendimiento en lenguaje, evaluado a través del I.T.P.A., de una muestra de escolares del Ciclo Medio de la E.G.B, en Galicia.     

Libros recibidos. Reseñas breves

Resumen

La teoría de las representaciones sociales (TRS) es un buen punto de partida para una reflexión psicológica social sobre los procesos de producción de significado, puesto que: A) Se trata de una teoría reflexiva sobre su propio anclaje sociohistórico, B) ofrece una alternativa a la dicotomía entre lo social y lo individual en el estudio del conocimiento y la acción humanas, C) abre a la reflexión/investigación los vínculos entre el mundo de vida cotidianoy las esferas sociales relativamente autónomas, D) al enfatizar una perspectiva de proceso, obliga a problematizar nuestra visión de la historicidad de lo social y lo psicológico, y E) permite discutir la especificidad del modo de operación de las significaciones en las instituciones sociales y en el funcionamientopsicológico. En este trabajo se examina cómo estas características de la TRS hacen posible un avance en la comprensión de los procesos de producción de significado, así como los problemas que deja sin resolver. Se trata de mostrar que el concepto de “significaciones imaginario sociales” elaborado por Castoriadispuede contribuir a resolver o a reformular algunos de los problemas pendientes y a vislumbrar algunas líneas adicionales de análisis de los procesos de producción de significado.     

Más allá de «los métodos cualitativos versus los cuantitativos»

RESUMEN

El objetivo del presente artículo es sugerir que, en parte, el debate actual sobre métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos no se centra en cuestiones fructíferas y, por tanto, no se discute tan lógicamente como se debería. Con este artículo no se intenta sugerir que sea posible una resolución completa de esta disputa metodológica. El debate, tal como está siendo planteado, esta oscureciendo las cuestiones y creando cismas entre los dos métodos, cuando deberían construirse puentes que permitan clarificar los desacuerdos originarios. La solución planteada estaría en darse cuenta que el debate está incorrectamente planteado. No es necesario elegir entre los dos métodos o entre los dos paradigmas. En este trabajo se plantean algunas de las razones que llevan a pensar que lo lógico sería ultilizarlos conjuntamente para satisfacer las exigencias que se presenten en la investigación evaluativa.     

Incertitudes au cours de la carrière et construction des perspectives temporelles

The increasing uncertainty context, in which individuals' professional paths are taking form today, is the occasion to a critical renewal of career course analysis models. In the first part of the article, we argue with the model propounded by Power and Rothausen (2003), which aims to analyse and support mid-career professional orientation behaviours, by extending the Super's career maintenance stage. We partly break free with them, defending the conception of an active socialisation, which analysis of orientation behaviours is based on the conjoined study of temporal perspectives and of exchanges between life domains. This point of view is supported by results from a research dealing with future temporal perspectives reconstruction processes of individuals confronted with the unemployment uncertainty. They show that individuals do not project in the future only by striving for yielding “employable”. Their projects do not only result from the rational control of the information related to the anticipated professional environment. Ascribed to peculiar paths, those projects summon up processes of values confrontation and comparisons with others, in the plurality of individuals' life fields.     

Les représentations de l’entretien structuré chez les recruteurs

We studied recruiters’ representations of the structured interview. In Study 1, 90 recruiters were interviewed. They define “structure” mainly as a schema or list of questions. The terms “structured” and “unstructured” also have different connotations. This can create a social desirability bias in surveys on selection practices, causing an overestimation of the real prevalence of structured interviewing. In Study 2, 59 recruiters responded to a questionnaire. Attitudes towards structured interviews are positive, but representations diverge from scientific definitions, especially regarding unstructured interviews. Recruiters’ representations allow flexibility in practice while maintaining a positive self-image.     

À l’école et au supermarché : le développement des connaissances sur deux organisations sociales

The development of naive theories regarding social organizations has not received the same emphasis as other conceptual domains, such as naive biology and naive psychology. However, a number of studies have been devoted to the development of children's naive conceptions of politics, school, or economics, most of them with interviews. In the present study, we studied six-, 10-, 14-year-old children's conceptions regarding two familiar organizations, school and supermarket. Results show that, even young children have knowledge regarding these two institutions. However, even 10-year-old children might fail to integrate these institutions in more general organizational, institutional and social dimensions. In many cases, only children aged 14 consistently integrate these various dimensions.     

Soul in the world: symbolic culture as the medium for psyche

Whilst the loss of a sense of living connection with the material world is mainly associated with the scientific revolution in seventeenth century Europe, it can be traced back to Plato's introduction of a hierarchy between soul and body. Jung's attempted solution to this – esse in anima – is ingenious but maintains the Cartesian split by which the aliveness of the world is reduced to a projection of psychic forces (the archetypes). An alternative approach is proposed, rooted in the Aristotelean emphasis on practical activity that sees the soul as a function of our way of being in the world. Human cognition is extended and distributed by our social and material engagement with the world, especially via collective representations whose symbolic character is constitutive of the reality of the world in which we live. Despite the dominance of ‘scientific Cartesian’ representations in the modern Western world, there remain numerous instances of participation mystique that cannot be captured by the Cartesian notion of projection. These indicate an opening to ways of being in the world that may lead us out of the impasse of the Cartesian matrix.