Prosocial thinkers and the social transmission of justice

Feeling the sting of another's injustice is a common human experience. We adopt a motivated information processing approach and explore how individual differences in social motives (e.g., high vs. low collectivism) and epistemic motives (e.g., high vs. low need for closure) drive individuals' evaluative and behavioral reactions to the just and unjust treatment of others. In two studies, one in the laboratory (N = 78) and one in the field (N = 163), we find that the justice treatment of others has a more profound influence on the attitudes and behaviors of prosocial thinkers, people who are chronically higher (vs. lower) in collectivism and lower (vs. higher) in the need for closure. In all, our results suggest that chronically higher collectivism and a lower need for closure work in concert to make another's justice relevant to personal judgment and behavior.     

The topography of the uncanny valley and individuals’ need for structure: A nonlinear mixed effects analysis

The uncanny valley hypothesis suggests that robots that closely resemble humans elicit feelings of eeriness. We focused on individual differences in the uncanny valley experience, which have been largely neglected to date. Using a mixed effects modelling approach, we tested whether individual differences in the need for structure predict uncanny valley sensitivity. Two experiments (Ns = 226 and 336) with morphed stimuli confirmed the uncanny valley effect. A moderator effect of need for structure was found in Experiment 2, which used a fine-grained manipulation of human likeness, but not in Experiment 1, which used a 3-step manipulation. The results provide tentative evidence that individuals who respond negatively to a lack of structure show a more pronounced (“deeper”) uncanny valley effect.     

Effects of context expectation on prospective memory performance among older and younger adults

This experiment examined the impact of context expectation on prospective memory (PM) performance among older and younger adults. Participants responded to PM target words embedded in an ongoing lexical decision task (LDT). Older and younger adults performed similarly on the PM task. Regardless of age, PM was significantly better for participants in the correct context expectation condition and significantly worse in the incorrect context expectation condition relative to participants who held no expectations about the context in which targets would appear. Participants’ LDT response latencies were used to assess cost of the PM task to the ongoing task. Latencies were discernibly longer in the LDT block where the PM targets were expected compared to the block where they were not expected. The findings provide new information about how context can be used to support PM aging and suggest that contextual information can be equally beneficial for older and younger adults.     

医学创新之大忌:急功近利

急功近利是医学创新中的一种不良现象,给我国医学科学的发展带来了十分严重的后果.急功近利背离了正确的科学功利观,是对医学创新功利关系的严重错位.     

Ontologies and Construals in Lexical Semantics

The purpose of this paper is to propose a framework of lexical meaning, broadly along the lines of Cognitive Semantics (Langacker 1987a). Within the proposed model, all aspects of meaning are to be explained in terms of properties of ontologies in conceptual space, i.e. properties of content ontologies and schematic ontologies and construals which are imposed on the conceptual structures on the occasion of use. It is through the operations of construals on ontological structures that different readings of lexical expressions arise. Lexical meanings are dynamic and sensitive to contextual demands, rather than fixed and stable. In a dynamic, usage-based model like this, polysemy and multiple readings emerge as a natural consequence of the human ability to think flexibly. Another more specific purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the usefulness of ontologies in linguistic research in general and semantic modelling in particular.     

Experience-grounded semantics: a theory for intelligent systems

An experience-grounded semantics is introduced for an intelligent reasoning system, which is adaptive, and works with insufficient knowledge and resources. According to this semantics, truth and meaning are defined with respect to the experience of the system – the truth value of a statement indicates the amount of available evidence, and the meaning of a term indicates its experienced relations with other terms. The major difference between experience-grounded semantics and model-theoretic semantics is that the former does not assume the sufficiency of knowledge and resources. This approach provides new ideas to the solution of some important problems in cognitive science.     

自尊概念辨析

自尊是个人对自我价值和自我能力的情感体验,属于自我系统中的情感成分,具有一定的评价意义。它与其相近概念,如自尊需要、自我效能、自我价值、自我概念等都有着本质的区别和联系。该文就自尊的概念及其与相关概念的区别与联系进行了尝试性探讨,以期抛砖引玉,更好地认识自尊这一人格变量。     

《易传》伦理思想研究

与战国这一中国社会由奴隶制向封建制过渡的历史时期相联系,这一时期的哲学和伦理思想也呈现出了整合、统一的特征.<易传>就是最能彰显这一时代特征的重要著作之一.t易传>是先秦伦理思想的集大成者,它所提出并系统阐发的道德起源论、道德原则论、道德规范论和道德评价论,奠定了中国伦理思想的基本格局,对后来的中国伦理思想的发展产生了深远的影响,在伦理思想史上具有重要的地位.     

消费者独特性需求量表的研究

本研究目的是修订消费者独特性需求量表（CNFU）的中文版。研究对两个样本共计918名被试进行了问卷测量。项目分析显示,31个题目均符合心理测量学要求。验证性因素分析表明,26个题目的中文版量表符合原量表的三因素（即标新立异、非大众化和避免雷同）模型。量表的重测信度、内部一致性和分半信度均在0．85以上。量表具有较好的汇聚和区分效度,非学生样本得分显著高于学生样本。本文对量表今后的研究和应用进行了探讨。     

Contribution Patterns in Major U.S. Marital and Family Therapy Journals: 1992 Through 2002

The institutional sources of articles published between 1992 and 2002 in five major family therapy journals—the American Journal of Family Therapy, Contemporary Family Therapy, Family Process, Journal of Family Psychology, and the Journal of Marital and Family Therapy were reviewed. Noteworthy similarities and differences as compared to earlier reviews were found. While no single institution dominated in numbers of publications, six of the top 10 institutions found between 1980 and 1995 were also found to be within the top 10 most productive institutions between 1992 and 2002. Patterns and changes in contributions from international sources, as well as from institutions with a COAMFTE-accredited program are discussed. Contributions from private practitioners and clinicians are also addressed.