义符在中文名词和动词分类中的作用

通过3个实验,考察了义符在中文名词和动词分类中的作用。实验1表明,义符提供了重要的语法种类信息,在中文名词和动词分类中有重要作用。当义符与词类一致时分类快,与词类相反时对分类起干扰作用。实验2表明,高频词分类时间短,错误率亦低。义符和词频有显著的交互作用,义符对低频词分类作用更大。实验3表明,具体性高的词分类时间短,错误率亦低。义符和具体性之间无显著的交互作用。整个研究表明,义符不仅是结构的“块”,也是语义的“块”,还是语法的“块”。所以如此,与中文名词和动词的结构特点有关。中文名词大多用义符标记事物的物质组成,动词大多用义符标记动作发出的器官或完成动作的工具。义符的语法意义的发现丰富了中文和中文认知的理论,对中文教学也有重要启示     

句子加工中语义关联性和句法歧义性实验研究

采用自定速移动视窗技术,探讨语义关联性和句法歧义性对汉语直接宾语、宾语小句类暂时句法歧义句理解加工的影响。结果发现：语义关联性和句法歧义性对歧义区和解歧区的阅读时间有显著影响,并在解歧区产生了显著的交互作用,表明语义信息即时参与对句子的理解加工并同句法信息一起共同影响句子的认知加工过程。     

语义知识神经表征的fMRI研究：通道特异性或类别特异性？

在同一实验中同时考虑类别与通道二个因素,并采用典型的语义提取任务应用功能磁共振成像技术探讨了语义知识的神经基础,结果发现不同类型的语义知识的脑激活模式（含左梭形回的激活）无论在范围还是强度上存在很大的相似性;而且,在严格的统计阈值下,不存在通道或是类别特异性激活的脑区。结果提示语义知识的神经表征分布于整个大脑皮层;在提取物体语义知识时都会同时激活该物体的视觉表象。另外,研究观察到的语义提取过程中BA9区的激活进一步证实并扩展了关于“汉语和表音文字在皮层组织上存在重要差异的观点”。     

句子背景下缺失音素的中文听觉词理解的音、义激活进程（Ⅱ）

采用缺失音素的中文双字词为材料,进一步考察了中文听觉词的语音、语义激活进程。共包含两个实验：实验1考察听觉词语音能否同时激活多个与之语音相近的语音、语义结点;实验2考察在听觉词词汇提取后期,是否还存在语音的激活作用。结果表明：⑴中文听觉词的语音能够同时激活与之语音相近的语音、语义结点,这种语音作用在ISI=400ms时处于较低水平;⑵听觉词呈现结束后,语音存在着二次激活现象;⑶对缺失声母的中文听觉词理解后期,除语义背景依赖效应外,还存在明显的语音作用,两者共同作用共同实现对目标词的语义恢复。根据对句子背景下缺失声母的中文听觉词理解的实验结果,作者提出了“中文听觉词理解的激活扩散动态模型”。     

创造性思维中语义搜索过程：基于答案累积时间函数和语义相似性的量化分析

通过描绘发散性思维测验(物品多用途, AUT)中答案生成在累积函数和语义相似性等一系列参数上的量化特征, 揭示创造性思维的语义搜索过程。结果发现：(1)新颖AUT条件中, 语义搜索呈现与自由联想类似的负加速特点, 但搜索速度较寻常AUT条件更慢。(2)新颖AUT条件中所生成的答案与题目(即物品)均具有较低的语义相似性, 且显著小于寻常AUT条件。(3)新颖AUT条件中生成的答案比寻常AUT条件表现出显著更低的聚类程度, 其中可聚类答案和未聚类答案与题目的语义相似度均较低, 且不存在显著差异, 二者在新颖性上也不存在显著差异。以上结果说明了创造性思维的语义信息搜索过程具有与自由联想类似的激活扩散特征, 但总体搜索速度较慢。新颖性要求使得个体在最初搜索时便开始摆脱题目的语义限制而进行远距离搜索(避免就近搜索), 并倾向于在每个语义场中只生成一个答案(避免局部搜索), 但也可能会在远离题目的语义场中生成多个同类别答案。     

声符与义符在形声字识别中的影响机制

形声字是汉字的主体,声符和义符作为形声字的构字部件,其各自的功能属性对形声字的识别具有不同的影响。当前研究采用多种实验任务,结合眼动以及脑电等多种技术,对声符和义符各自的功能属性及作用机制进行了较为全面的研究,这为后续研究奠定了良好的基础,并对未来汉字认知领域的研究具有重要的启示作用。     

负性情绪对不同语义、空间关系联结记忆的影响

以负性项目-中性场景以及中性项目-中性场景组成的图片对为材料,通过操控项目-场景之间的语义联系和空间距离,考察了负性情绪对不同语义、空间关系联结记忆的影响。结果显示,当项目-场景空间距离较近时,无论项目-场景之间的语义是否相关,负性情绪始终不会影响项目-场景联结记忆;当项目-场景空间距离较远且语义不相关时,负性情绪会削弱项目-场景联结记忆;而当项目-场景空间距离较远且语义相关时,负性情绪会促进项目-场景联结记忆。结果表明,负性情绪对项目-场景联结记忆的影响会受到项目与场景之间语义关系和空间关系的调节,且语义关系在项目-场景空间距离较远时的作用更为突出。     

PROSPECTS FOR THE FIELD OF SCIENCE AND RELIGION: AN OCTOPUS VIEW

The organic unity between the head and the vital arms of the octopus is proposed as a metaphor for science and religion as an academic field. While the specific object of the field is to pursue second‐order reflections on existing and possible relations between sciences and religions, it is argued that several aspects of realism and normativity are constitutive to the field. The vital arms of the field are related to engagements with distinctive scientific theories, specialized philosophy of science, representative theological proposals, and the input from the study of world religions.     

The dynamic lexicon in a truth-conditional framework; or how to have Your cake and eat it

A fundamental principle of all truth-conditional approaches to semantics is that the meanings of sentences of natural language can be compositionally specified in terms of truth conditions, where the meanings of the sentences’ parts (words/lexical items) are specified in terms of the contribution they make to such conditions their host sentences possess. Thus, meanings of words fit the meanings of sentences at least to the extent that the stability of what a sentence might mean as specified in a theory is in accord with the stability of what a word might mean as similarly specified. In this paper, I shall be concerned with Ludlow’s (2014) idea that, in fact, there need be no such sympathy between words and sentences. He proposes that we can square what he calls a dynamic lexicon, where word meaning is not stable at all, with a traditional truth-conditional approach of the kind indicated, where sentence meaning is delivered via ‘absolute truth conditions’. I share Ludlow’s aspiration to accommodate dynamic features of word meaning with a truth conditional approach, but not his belief that the marriage is an easy deal. Thus, I shall present a problem for Ludlow’s position and show how resolving this problem leads to an alternative picture of how the meaning of a sentence may be truth-conditionally specified with all relevant dynamic features of the lexicon retained.     

On the Emotions

Art historians and philosophers often talk about the interpretive significance of titles, but few have bothered with their historical origins. This omission has led to the assumption that an artwork's title is its proper name, since names and titles share the essential function of facilitating reference to their bearers. But a closer look at the development of our titling practices shows a significant point of divergence from standard analyses of proper names: the semantic content of a title is often crucial to the identification, individuation, and interpretation of its associated artwork. This paper represents a first step towards an empirically centred study of our titling practices. I argue that, in order to accept titles as proper names, we must first recognize the social, rather than the referential, function of naming.