A Longitudinal Study of Semantic Grouping Strategy Use in 6–11-Year-Old Children: Investigating Developmental Phases,the Role of Working Memory,and Strategy Transfer

This two-cohort longitudinal study on the development of the semantic grouping strategy had three goals. First, the authors examined if 6–7-year-olds are nonstrategic before becoming strategic after prompting at 8–9 years of age, and if 8–9-year-olds are prompted strategic before spontaneous strategy use at 10–11 years of age. Children 6–7 and 8–9 years old performed two sort-recall tasks (one without and one with a grouping prompt) at two time points separated 1.5 years from each other. Second, the authors investigated whether short-term or working memory capacity at time point 1 predicted recall in children who did or did not use the semantic grouping strategy 1.5 years later. Third, the authors investigated whether prompted strategic children and children who used the strategy spontaneously differed in strategy transfer to a new task. Developmental results confirmed previous cross-sectional results, but in a longitudinal two-cohort study 6–7-year-olds were nonstrategic, and became prompted strategic around 8–9 years of age, followed by spontaneous strategy use at age 10–11 years. The authors found that memory capacity was not predictive of later use of the strategy. New findings were that prompted strategic children were as equally able as spontaneously strategic children to transfer the strategy to a new task, albeit with smaller recall benefits.     

合理性对汉语阅读中双字词语义预视效益的优势作用：眼动研究

语义预视效益(SPB)对于揭示阅读中读者能否从副中央凹提取高水平信息具有重要意义。关于SPB的产生机制仍然存在争议。本研究通过同时操控预视词的合理性和语义相关性考察了二者对汉语阅读中双字词SPB的影响。结果发现,合理性主效应显著,合理预视下目标词的注视时间显著短于不合理预视;语义相关性主效应不显著,未发现二者的交互作用。研究结果支持了语境匹配假说,进一步说明了汉语阅读中预视词的合理性对SPB的优势作用。     

词语后情绪环境对语义和感知加工的影响

词语后情绪环境对其中的事件记忆产生影响,但是事件后情绪环境如何影响记忆加工仍不清楚。不同的情绪环境理论—“唤醒偏向竞争理论”,“拓宽-建构理论”,“记忆中心的积极情绪促进理论”支持情绪促进的不同本质。已有的研究表明,注意在情绪记忆中有重要作用。实验一、实验二分别探讨词语后情绪环境对其语义加工与内源源加工和外源源加工的影响。与中性环境相比,积极与消极情绪环境阻碍了外源源特征的加工; 与中性环境和积极情绪环境相比,消极情绪环境阻碍了内源源特征的加工。实验结果支持“唤醒偏向竞争理论”,同时表明“评估”和“注意放置”在情绪环境影响中的重要作用。     

词汇的情绪效价对语义饱和效应的影响

词汇的语义饱和效应是指,多次重复感知或产生一个词汇时,主观上对该词汇的意义的暂时缺失现象。本研究通过两个实验考察了词汇的情绪效价对语义饱和进程的影响。实验1旨在探讨快速类别匹配范式是否可以用来考察语义饱和效应。本实验采用了与Tian和Huber（2010）实验中类似的材料,但排除了同一对刺激中正性和负性范例混合的情景。材料包括11个类别,每一类选择20个该类别的具体范例（如“蔬菜”类别下包括“土豆”、“茄子”等）,所有范例词汇都是双字词。每个被试完成11个任务组块。在每个组块中,有20个试次,其中10个试次是重复类别条件,另10个试次是非重复类别条件。一半的范例对来自同一类别（即匹配试次）,另一半由不同类别（即非匹配试次）的范例组成。24名大学生观看启动范例词（如“土豆”）和目标范例词（如“茄子”）,判断启动词和目标词是否来自同一个类别。结果显示,在第一个时间片段内（第2-4个试次）,重复条件的反应时显著快于非重复条件,而在第二段（第5-7个试次）和第三段（第8-10个试次）两者没有显著差异。这表明,在控制词汇情绪效价的情况下,快速类别匹配范式可以成功引起语义饱和效应。基于此,实验2采用快速类别匹配范式考察情绪效价对词汇语义启动效应进程的影响。72名被试被随机分为三组,分别使用正性、中性和负性词汇材料。对于每一种情绪效价,均选择了11个类别,如正性类别“花”和负性类别“疾病”。每一类别选择了20个双字词范例词汇。每一类别的实验设计和过程同实验1。结果表明,积极词的语义饱和效应出现在较晚试次中（第8-10个试次）,中性词的语义饱和效应出现在中间试次中（第5-7个试次）,而消极词则没有出现显著的语义饱和效应。该结果表明,词汇的情绪效价能调节语义饱和的时间进程。这提示,未来的语义饱和效应研究应该考虑实验材料的情绪效价。     

Explaining the Paradox of Hedonism

The paradox of hedonism is the idea that making pleasure the only thing that we desire for its own sake can be self-defeating. Why would this be true? In this paper, I survey two prominent explanations, then develop a third possible explanation, inspired by Joseph Butler's classic discussion of the paradox. The existing accounts claim that the paradox arises because we are systematically incompetent at predicting what will make us happy, or because the greatest pleasures for human beings are found in certain special goods which hedonists cannot enjoy. On the account that I develop, the paradox is a consequence of a theory about the nature of pleasure, together with a view about the requirements of rational belief. Which of these explanations is correct, I argue, bears on central questions about how to understand the nature and extent of the paradox.     

Estimating the effect of word predictability on eye movements in Chinese reading using latent semantic analysis and transitional probability

Latent semantic analysis (LSA) and transitional probability (TP), two computational methods used to reflect lexical semantic representation from large text corpora, were employed to examine the effects of word predictability on Chinese reading. Participants' eye movements were monitored, and the influence of word complexity (number of strokes), word frequency, and word predictability on different eye movement measures (first-fixation duration, gaze duration, and total time) were examined. We found influences of TP on first-fixation duration and gaze duration and of LSA on total time. The results suggest that TP reflects an early stage of lexical processing while LSA reflects a later stage.