肿瘤标记物在大肠癌临床诊治中的应用进展

总结肿瘤标记物在大肠癌临床诊治中的应用进展。对有关大肠癌临床诊治中肿瘤标记物的文献进行综述,重点讨论血清、基因和急性期蛋白三类标记肿瘤物对大肠癌临床诊治方面的价值和潜力。结果是恰当选择肿瘤标记物有助于大肠癌临床诊治。目前,基因和急性期蛋白为大肠癌肿瘤标记物探索的新方向,有望成为提高大肠癌诊治效率的新检查方法。三类肿瘤标记物对大肠癌诊治有临床意义,联合检测可提高大肠癌诊治的准确性和有效性。     

Emotionally controlled decision-making and a gene variant related to serotonin synthesis in women with borderline personality disorder

The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) was used to examine (i) social decision-making in women with borderline personality disorder (BPD), and (ii) the relationship between impaired decision-making and the tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH-1) gene, involved in serotonin synthesis. Forty-two women with BPD and a history of suicide attempts were genotyped, and the frequency of a TPH-1 haplotype previously uniquely associated with BPD was calculated. The BPD group scored significantly lower than a control group in the IGT. Furthermore, the TPH-1 haplotype displayed a significantly higher frequency in BPD participants with impaired decision making, compared to BPD participants with normal scores. These findings suggest that impaired decision-making as determined by the IGT is a feature of BPD and may be (i) associated with serotonin dysfunction, and (ii) possibly relevant for suicidal behavior.     

Germ-line gene therapy and the clinical ethos of medical genetics

Although the ability to perform gene therapy in human germ-line cells is still hypothetical, the rate of progress in molecular and cell biology suggests that it will only be a matter of time before reliable clinical techniques will be within reach. Three sets of arguments are commonly advanced against developing those techniques, respectively pointing to the clinical risks, social dangers and better alternatives. In this paper we analyze those arguments from the perspective of the client-centered ethos that traditionally governs practice in medical genetics. This perspective clarifies the merits of these arguments for geneticists, and suggests useful new directions for the professional discussion of germ-line gene therapy. It suggests, for example, that the much discussed prospect of germ-line therapy in human pre-embryos may always be more problematic for medical genetics than adult germ-line interventions, even though the latter faces greater technical difficulties.     

Single-case experimental designs for behavioral neuroscience

Single-case experimental designs (SCEDs) are commonly used in behavior analytic research but rarely used in behavioral neuroscience research. The recent development of technologies that allow control of the timing of neurobiological events such as gene expression and neuronal firing enable the fruitful application of SCEDs for the study of brain–behavior relations. There are at least 3 benefits expected from applying SCEDs to study how neurobiological events affect behavior. First, SCEDs entail direct within- and across-subject assessments of reliability, likely increasing the probability of replication across studies and encouraging a search for the causes of replication failure when they occur. Second, SCEDs focus on behavior in individual organisms producing a body of knowledge that applies to individuals rather than population parameters. Finally, SCEDs require fewer animals, decreasing costs and effort and addressing the ethical obligation to reduce the number of animals used for research. Examples are provided using hypothetical data generated based on published research. Collaborations between behavior analysts and behavioral neuroscientists will bring the world within the skin under direct experimental control and broaden our understanding of the determinants of behavior.     

人类基因组计划与医学模式

人类基因组计划将为医学科学的发展提供广泛的可能性,并结生物医学带来革命性的变化,但是人类的社会性,疾病产生的非生物因素以及社会及伦理的限制都决定了任何生物医学上的成就,包括人类基因组计划都不能改变生物社会心理医学模式的深刻内涵。     

高新生命技术的伦理问题

高技术的推广应用引起人们对人体客体化的忧虑,以及对维护人的价值和尊严的关注。高新生命技术的伦理问题的特点是它对社会或人类的影响深远,以及在利用高新技术干预人体过程中涉及未知的、不确定的因素太多。因此必须开发新的战略调控这些高新技术的发展和应用。本文集中讨论异种移植和基因治疗中的伦理问题,认为对这些高新生命技术应该采取“有罪推定”的政策,在提供证据证明它不会给人类带来严重危害前,应该暂停在人体上试验     

迎接新世纪老龄社会对老年医学的挑战

加强衰老机理与延缓衰老的研究是新世纪老年医学与老年生物学重大研究课题。近年来对“衰老基因”、“长寿基因”、氧自由基、细胞凋亡及染色体顶端的端粒进行了一些新的探索,取得了一些新的进展。未来的老年医学除继续加强对心脑血管疾病及恶性肿瘤的防治研究外,对未来可能发展成为严重威胁老年人健康长寿的疾病,如老年性痴呆、骨质疏松症及糖尿病等,须加强流行病学调查、发病机理、早期诊断及新药开发的研究工作。特别强调的是     

母亲消极教养、同伴侵害与FKBP5基因对青少年抑郁的影响

累积压力假说与匹配-不匹配假说均可解释远端和近端逆境对个体抑郁的影响, 但鲜有研究考察遗传基因在其中的调节作用。采用问卷法和DNA分型技术, 对970名青少年进行间隔3年的追踪调查。分别以母亲消极教养、同伴侵害为远端和近端压力指标, FKBP5基因多位点累加得分为遗传指标, 考察三者对青少年抑郁的交互作用及性别差异。结果发现, 在男青少年中, E × E × G显著。当累加得分较高、同伴侵害水平较高时, 母亲消极教养显著负向预测抑郁, 符合匹配-不匹配假说; 累加得分较低时, E × E不显著, 但倾向于以累积压力假说的方式发挥作用。女青少年中, E × E × G不显著。研究结果提示, 在男青少年中, 累积压力假说与匹配-不匹配假说均可阐明抑郁的发生机制, 分别适用于携带不同FKBP5基因多位点累加得分的个体。     

父母教养与MAOA基因rs6323多态性对学前儿童外化问题的共同作用

采用G×E交互作用的研究范式,以295名学前儿童（M=4.49）和其母亲、父亲作为研究对象,探讨母亲和父亲的教养方式与MAOA基因rs6323多态性对学前儿童外化问题行为的影响。结果发现：母亲、父亲教养方式和MAOA基因多态性对学前儿童外化问题行为的影响存在性别差异,预测男孩外化问题行为时,母亲和父亲教养方式的主效应显著,与MAOA基因多态性的交互作用不显著;在预测女孩外化问题行为时,父亲教养方式的主效应显著,母亲教养方式与MAOA基因多态性的交互作用显著,显著性区域分析发现,携带T等位基因的女孩更容易受到母亲消极教养的不利影响而产生更多外化问题行为,也更容易受到其积极教养的有利影响而减少外化问题行为,这一结果支持差别易感性理论模型。     

台湾实践基因科技应用于临床试验的政策发展可能视野

台湾目前的基因科技发展存在着瓶颈和危机。在日前台湾举办的《基因治疗与临床试验－务实取向的共识凝聚研讨会》上,与会者提出了制约台湾目前基因研究的十大瓶颈,以及面对困境的十项解决方案。