校园排斥对初中生内外化问题的影响:同伴关系与核心自我评价的中介作用

该研究探讨了校园排斥和初中生内外化问题的关系,结合资源保存理论,进一步考察同伴关系（条件性资源）与核心自我评价（人格特质资源）对该效应的链式中介作用。采用青少年校园现实受排斥量表、同伴关系量表、核心自我评价量表、焦虑抑郁量表和外化行为倾向量表,对辽宁省2所中学540名初中生进行调查。结果表明：（1）校园排斥对于初中生的内化及外化问题均具有正向预测作用;（2）同伴关系、核心自我评价在校园排斥与内化问题中起完全中介作用,而在校园排斥与外化问题中起部分中介作用。具体而言,校园排斥通过三条路径影响内外化问题：一是同伴关系的单独中介作用;二是核心自我评价的单独中介作用;三是同伴关系—核心自我评价的链式中介作用。     

Linking challenge and hindrance stress to safety performance: The moderating effect of core self-evaluation

The buffering effect of core self-evaluation (CSE) in stress research has received academic attention. However, most research in this area focused on its moderating effect on well-being. In the present study, we take a closer look at the moderating role of CSE in the relationship between challenge/hindrance stress and safety performance. Results indicated that challenge and hindrance stress were both negatively related to safety performance. More importantly, CSE acted as a buffer in the negative relationships between challenge stress and safety compliance and between hindrance stress and safety participation. Contrary to our prediction, the negative relationship between hindrance stress and safety participation was stronger for people higher on CSE. Based on our findings, we discuss the theoretical implications for personality and safety research.     

Attention‐shift vs. response‐priming explanations for the spatial cueing effect in cross‐modal tasks

The task‐irrelevant spatial location of a cue stimulus affects the processing of a subsequent target. This “Posner effect” has been explained by an exogenous attention shift to the spatial location of the cue, improving perceptual processing of the target. We studied whether the left/right location of task‐irrelevant and uninformative tones produces cueing effects on the processing of visual targets. Tones were presented randomly from left or right. In the first condition, the subsequent visual target, requiring response either with the left or right hand, was presented peripherally to left or right. In the second condition, the target was a centrally presented left/right‐pointing arrow, indicating the response hand. In the third condition, the tone and the central arrow were presented simultaneously. Data were recorded on compatible (the tone location and the response hand were the same) and incompatible trials. Reaction times were longer on incompatible than on compatible trials. The results of the second and third conditions are difficult to explain with the attention‐shift model emphasizing improved perceptual processing in the cued location, as the central target did not require any location‐based processing. Consequently, as an alternative explanation they suggest response priming in the hand corresponding to the spatial location of the tone. Simultaneous lateralized readiness potential (LRP) recordings were consistent with the behavioral data, the tone cues eliciting on incompatible trials a fast preparation for the incorrect response and on compatible trials preparation for the correct response.     

矛盾态度对决策后自我评价的影响：有中介的双阶段调节作用

矛盾态度不仅影响信息搜索、态度形成和决策行为, 而且影响决策后自我评价。本研究构建了一个基于不确定性的中介作用、决策困难水平和结果效价的双调节作用的矛盾态度与决策后自我评价关系模型, 3个实验通过设计冲突情境对矛盾态度进行操纵, 冲突情境包括选择一所大学和就业企业, 运用SPSS 20.0软件对数据进行分析, 发现矛盾态度对决策后自我评价存在积极影响, 矛盾态度通过不确定性影响决策后自我评价的中介过程受到决策困难水平和结果效价的调节。矛盾态度和决策困难水平对不确定性产生影响, 不确定性和结果效价对决策后自我评价产生影响, 由于不确定性的分离效应, 使矛盾态度和决策困难水平对决策后自我评价产生相互冲突的双重作用结果。当获得负面结果时, 相较于低决策困难水平, 高决策困难水平的个体, 矛盾态度通过不确定性对决策后自我评价产生积极影响; 当获得正面结果时, 相较于高决策困难水平, 低决策困难水平的个体, 矛盾态度通过不确定性对决策后自我评价产生积极影响。     

中国文化下组织政治技能对个体自身的影响作用

组织政治技能是个体在组织中生存和获得职业发展的重要能力之一,也是组织行为学研究中的重要领域。研究主要从中国文化的视角,探讨组织政治技能对个体自身的影响作用。结果显示,组织政治技能与工作满意度之间存在线性关系,而非曲线关系;组织政治技能中的处世圆通和面子和谐两个维度有利于缓解工作压力,而人际敏锐可能增加个体的工作压力感;自我评价对于组织政治技能与工作压力和工作满意度之间关系的中介效应不显著;工作压力在处世圆通、人际敏锐和面子和谐三个维度与工作满意度之间起完全中介作用。这些结果表明,组织政治技能对于个体来说是非常重要的能力,可以帮助个体缓解工作压力,提高工作满意感,进而促进个体的职业发展。     

听觉通道下负数的低水平加工引起注意的SNARC效应

采用刺激探测任务,探讨了听觉通道下负数的低水平加工能否引起注意的SNARC效应。结果表明:(1)负数的低水平加工能够产生注意的SNARC效应,即线索为绝对值小的负数时,被试对左耳目标反应更快;线索为绝对值大的负数时,被试对右耳目标反应更快。(2)负数的加工所引起听觉空间注意的转移并不依赖于负数所在的情境,而仅通过其绝对值大小与空间表征发生关联。这一结论与视觉条件下所得到的结论不一致,并支持了系统发生论假说。     

Facing still faces: What visual cues affect infants’ observations of others?

We used eye-tracking technique to examine gaze shifts of 9-, 16-, and 24-month-old infants who were presented with still images of a conversation between two individuals facing each other or turning away from each other. The results showed that body orientation, as measured by the face-to-face effect, is sufficient to provide infants with crucial information about others’ social engagement.     

An interactional “live eye tracking” study in autism spectrum disorder: combining qualitative and quantitative approaches in the study of gaze

Recent studies on gaze behaviours in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have utilised “live eye tracking.” Such research has focused on generating quantitative eye tracking measurements, which provide limited (if any) qualitative contextual details of the actual interactions in which gaze occurs. This article presents a novel methodological approach that combines live eye tracking with qualitative interaction analysis, multimodally informed conversation analysis. Drawing on eye tracking and wide-angle video recordings, this combination renders visible some of the functions, or what gaze “does,” in interactional situations. The participants include three children with ASD and their adult co-participants during body-movement gaming sessions. The article demonstrates how quantitative eye tracking research can be extended qualitatively using a microanalytic interaction analysis to recontextualise the gaze shifts identified. The findings in this article show that the co-participants treat a child’s gaze shifts differently depending on when these occur in a stream of other action. The study suggests that introducing this qualitative dimension to eye tracking research could increase its ecological validity and offer new insight into gaze behaviours in ASD.     

自尊的认知神经机制

自尊是个体对自己总体的情感性评价。自尊有助于促进个体的心理健康,帮助个体应对威胁,具有重要的适应价值。近年来随着社会认知神经科学的兴起,关于自尊的认知神经机制的研究日益增多,主要涉及三个方面:1)自尊与大脑的结构(如海马体积、前扣带回等区域的灰质体积)和功能(静息态下的默认网络活动以及脑区之间的功能联结性)存在一定的关联;2)自尊调节大脑对威胁的反应,与高自尊个体相比,低自尊个体面对威胁时产生更强的防御性反应,自尊通过影响个体面对威胁时的大脑活动帮助个体更好地应对威胁;3)自我评价过程涉及大脑前额叶、眶额叶、扣带回等多个脑区,自尊调节个体在自我评价过程中的大脑活动。总之,自尊作为个体重要的人格特质,与大脑的结构、功能以及活动状态等都具有一定的关系;这些发现在一定程度上揭示了自尊的神经机制,加深了对自尊及其功能的理解。