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291.
Two studies investigated whether the importance and valence of a target person's achievement outcome affect (a) the intensity of surprise an observer feels about the actual outcome and (b) the role surprise plays in the motivation of the search for a causal explanation for the target's outcome. The present experiments involved conditions controlling for the confounds among outcome valence, importance, and surprise. Both studies revealed that surprise intensity was affected by outcome valence and importance so that an important negative outcome elicits the highest surprise and unimportant success elicited the second highest surprise. Causal search was strong only after (unexpected) important failures. Results are explained in terms of an extended expectancy-disconfirmation approach. 相似文献
292.
Robert E. Lane 《Political psychology》2001,22(3):473-492
Starting with a brief review of why all post-industrial societies tend to be inegalitarian, this paper develops two main themes: (1) how the idea that people are individually responsible for their own fates reduces poverty but impedes redistribution, and (2) how both the loose ties of individuals to their societies and the selective nature of their empathy and pity for others reduces compassion for the poor, making redistribution unlikely. The first theme is elaborated through psychological research on dispositional versus circumstantial attributions, showing their effects on the widely shared belief in a just world and more generally on the prevailing theory of the justice of deserts. The attribution-affect-action model is used to show how dispositional attributes evoke either anger or pity for victims and, if anger, then unwillingness to help. The development of the second theme shows how people divorce their own fates from those of their nations, how the basic tendency to favor the familiar and similar limits support for redistribution, how converting concern regarding deprivations of the self to concern for (fraternal) deprivation of people like the self excludes those who most need help, how envy fails to lead to redistribution, and finally, how people's ideas of the privileged and the disadvantaged reflect market values and often mark the poor and the different as overprivileged. 相似文献
293.
Do apes and children know what they have seen? 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0
Chimpanzees and young children understand much about what other individuals have and have not seen. This study investigates
what they understand about their own visual perception. Chimpanzees, orangutans, and 2.5-year-old children were presented
with a finding game in which food or stickers were hidden in one of two or three tubes. We varied whether subjects saw the
baiting of the tubes, whether subjects could see through the tubes, and whether there was a delay between baiting and presentation
of the tubes to subjects. We measured not only whether subjects chose the correct tube but also, more importantly, whether
they spontaneously looked into one or more of the tubes before choosing one. Most apes and children appropriately looked into
the tubes before choosing one more often when they had not seen the baiting than when they had seen the baiting. In general,
they used efficient search strategies more often than insufficient or excessive ones. Implications of subjects' search patterns
for their understanding of seeing and knowing in the self are discussed.
Accepted after revision: 7 January 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
294.
Five dyads of chimpanzees were tested in a competitive situation, as a pilot study to examine chimpanzees' understanding
of conspecifics' knowledge. A human experimenter baited one of five containers in an outdoor enclosure. Chimpanzee A (witness)
could see where the food was hidden, while chimpanzee B (witness-of-witness) could not see the baited place but could observe
the chimpanzee A watching the food being hidden. Then the two were released into the enclosure. This procedure was repeated
for a certain number of days along with a control condition in which neither could see the baited location. The witness-of-witness
developed tactics to forestall the witness in two pairs. The witness misled the witness-of-witness by taking a route to an
empty container in several cases. These episodes might represent examples of deception. Tactics and counter-tactics thus developed
through the interaction between the witness and the witness-of-witness, illustrating the high social intelligence of chimpanzees.
An examination of the changes in tactics suggests a possibility that the witness-of-witness understands the witness's knowledge
of the location of hidden food.
Accepted after revision: 22 May 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
295.
《Metaphilosophy》2001,32(3):344-350
Book reviewed:
Eva Feder Kittay, Love's Labor: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependency 相似文献
Eva Feder Kittay, Love's Labor: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependency 相似文献
296.
Group inequalities in the United States are most often attributed to the characteristics of the individuals who belong to these groups; thinking about structural causes of group inequalities is rare. This paper reviews cognitive, cultural, and systemic reasons for this bias. The efficacy of education as a way to increase structural thinking was investigated in two studies of college students' causal thinking about group inequalities. Both studies involved a course on intergroup relations that covered structural sources of racial or ethnic inequalities. Results supported hypotheses that the course would increase structural thinking about racial or ethnic inequality, and that structural thinking would generalize to inequalities not explicitly covered in the course. Both course content and active learning pedagogy were related to structural thinking about inequalities. Active learning was also related to applying structural thinking to targets of change. 相似文献
297.
关于幼儿对损人行为的道德判断及有关情绪预期的初步研究 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
以幼儿易于理解的有关享用财物的小故事,对4、5、6岁儿童作个别随访,综合考察其已获得的道德知识和道德认知的特点,以及相关情绪预期的情况。结果表明:1.幼儿已经获得了有关社会道德的最初步的知识,并能运用这些日常概念水平的知识对行为作道德判断,其道德认知已出现关心他人利益的成分,自我中心主义不突出;2.幼儿假设自己作为损人者的情绪预期与对故事中损人者的情绪预期之间存在明显差异,道德认知与道德情感脱节的现象在前者未有明显表现,却在后者中显现出来。 相似文献
298.
299.
Bongrae Seok 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2015,10(1):21
In Western philosophy and psychology, shame is characterized as a self-critical emotion that is often contrasted with the similarly self-critical but morally active emotion of guilt. If shame is negative concern over endangered or threatened self-image (usually in front of others), guilt is autonomous moral awareness of one’s wrongdoings and reparative motivation to correct one’s moral misconduct. Recently, many psychologists have begun to discuss the moral significance of shame in their comparative studies of non-Western cultures. In this new approach, shame is characterized as a positive moral emotion and active motivation for self-reflection and self-cultivation. If shame is a positive and active moral emotion, what is its moral psychological nature? In this paper, I will analyze shame from the perspective of cultural psychology and early Confucian philosophy. Unlike many Western philosophers, Confucius and Mencius discuss shame as a form of moral excellence. In early Confucian texts, shame is not a reactive emotion of an endangered self but a moral disposition that supports a self-critical and self-transformative process of moral development. 相似文献
300.
XU Zhaoqing 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2015,10(2):298
As a byproduct of solving the surprise-exam paradox, Saul Kripke formulates a “dogmatism paradox” which seems to show that knowledge entails dogmatism. In this paper, the author analyzes the nature of the dogmatism paradox from a logical dynamical perspective. The author suggests that the dogmatism paradox is better understood as a paradox of knowledge attribution rather than of knowledge. Therefore, the dogmatism paradox could be solved without sacrificing the principle of epistemic closure. Based on a famous version of relevant alternatives theory, the author formalizes a logic of knowledge attribution in the style of logical dynamics, namely, public retraction logic, and analyzes how knowledge attributions are retracted with the expansion of relevant alternatives. 相似文献