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231.
Conflicting findings concerning the nature and presence of attentional bias in social anxiety and social phobia have been reported in the literature. This paper reports the findings of two studies comparing people with high and low social anxiety on dot probe tasks using words, faces photographed in front view, and faces photographed in profile as stimuli. In Study 1 those with high social anxiety displayed an attentional bias towards negative faces. The low social anxiety group showed an attentional bias towards positive faces. No significant effects were observed on the dot probe using words as stimuli. Study 2 used pairs of faces presented in profile as though looking at each other. One of the faces displayed either a positive, negative or neutral expression. The second face always had a neutral expression, and in half of the trials it was the subject's own face. The findings of this more ecologically valid procedure replicated those of Study 1. Facilitated attention to dots following emotional faces was specific to threatening facial stimuli. From these studies it appears that the facial dot probe task is a more sensitive index of attentional bias than the word task in a non-clinical sample with social anxiety. 相似文献
232.
In two experiments, we investigate hypermnesia, net memory improvements with repeated testing of the same material after a single study trial. In the first experiment, we found hypermnesia across three trials for the recall of word solutions to Socratic stimuli (dictionary-like definitions of concepts) replicating Erdelyi, Buschke, and Finkelstein and, for the first time using these materials, for their recognition. In the second experiment, we had two “yes/no” recognition groups, a Socratic stimuli group presented with concrete and abstract verbal materials and a word-only control group. Using signal detection measures, we found hypermnesia for concrete Socratic stimuli—and stable performance for abstract stimuli across three recognition tests. The control group showed memory decrements across tests. We interpret these findings with the alternative retrieval pathways (ARP) hypothesis, contrasting it with alternative theories of hypermnesia, such as depth of processing, generation and retrieve–recognise. We conclude that recognition hypermnesia for concrete Socratic stimuli is a reliable phenomenon, which we found in two experiments involving both forced-choice and yes/no recognition procedures. 相似文献
233.
Andrew M. Sherrill Joseph P. Magliano Alan Rosenbaum Kathryn M. Bell Patricia S. Wallace 《Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma》2016,25(5):487-502
Aggressive behavior often occurs despite salient cues within the immediate environment that indicate aversive consequences will likely follow. Prior research has shown high trait aggressiveness to be related to sensitivity to situational provocation; however, little research has examined whether it is also related to insensitivity to situational inhibitors. This study examines the relationship between trait aggressiveness and aggressive behavior in a provocative context with, and without, an unambiguous inhibitory stimulus. Prior to experiencing provocation and being afforded the opportunity to retaliate, participants who varied in trait aggressiveness were explicitly given (or not given) an instruction that aggressive behavior might lead to aversive consequences and, thus, one should not behave aggressively. Findings revealed that without the instruction, those higher in trait aggressiveness exhibited steeper increases in aggressive responding as provocation increased. In the group that received the instruction, trait aggressiveness was unrelated to aggressive responding at all levels of provocation. 相似文献
234.
235.
Christopher A Podlesnik John Y. H Bai Douglas Elliffe 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2012,98(2):169-189
Reinforcing an alternative response in the same context as a target response reduces the rate of occurrence but increases the persistence of that target response. Applied researchers who use such techniques to decrease the rate of a target problem behavior risk inadvertently increasing the persistence of the same problem behavior. Behavioral momentum theory asserts that the increased persistence is a function of the alternative reinforcement enhancing the Pavlovian relation between the target stimulus context and reinforcement. A method showing promise for reducing the persistence‐enhancing effects of alternative reinforcement is to train the alternative response in a separate stimulus context before combining with the target stimulus in extinction. The present study replicated previous findings using pigeons by showing that combining an “alternative” richer VI schedule (96 reinforcers/ hr) with a “target” leaner VI schedule (24 reinforcers/hr) reduced resistance to extinction of target responding compared with concurrent training of the alternative and target responses (totaling 120 reinforcers/hr). We also found less relapse with a reinstatement procedure following extinction with separate‐context training, supporting previous findings that training conditions similarly influence both resistance to extinction and relapse. Finally, combining the alternative stimulus context was less disruptive to target responding previously trained in the concurrent schedule, relative to combining with the target response trained alone. Overall, the present findings suggest the technique of combining stimulus contexts associated with alternative responses with those associated with target responses disrupts target responding. Furthermore, the effectiveness of this disruption is a function of training context of reinforcement for target responding, consistent with assertions of behavioral momentum theory. 相似文献
236.
237.
Mary C. Newman John J. B. Allen Alfred W. Kaszniak 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(1):72-78
Younger and older adults were compared on new tests for item and temporal memory suitable for use in future electrophysiological or neuroimaging studies. Following a series of 10 simple line drawings, 4-choice panels containing two previously seen targets and two novel distractors appeared. Participants identified which pictures had been seen previously (item), or which of the items was presented earliest (temporal order). Performance of younger adults was superior to that of older adults. Memory for item and temporal order were equivalent in the younger group. In contrast, the item memory of the older group was superior to memory for temporal order, confirming previous evidence of differential impairment of memory for temporal order with age. 相似文献
238.
Alodie Rey-Mermet Beat Meier 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2013,9(3):146-155
When switching tasks, occasionally responding to bivalent stimuli (i.e., stimuli
with relevant features for two different tasks) slows performance on subsequent
univalent stimuli, even when they do not share relevant features with bivalent
stimuli. This performance slowing is labelled the bivalency
effect. Here, we investigated whether the bivalency effect results
from an orienting response to the infrequent stimuli (i.e., the bivalent
stimuli). To this end, we compared the impact of responding to infrequent
univalent stimuli to the impact of responding to infrequent bivalent stimuli.
For the latter, the results showed a performance slowing for all trials
following bivalent stimuli. This indicates a long-lasting bivalency effect,
replicating previous findings. For infrequent univalent stimuli, however, the
results showed a smaller and shorter-lived performance slowing. These results
demonstrate that the bivalency effect does not simply reflect an orienting
response to infrequent stimuli. Rather it results from the conflict induced by
bivalent stimuli, probably by episodic binding with the more demanding context
created by them. 相似文献
239.
本研究用实验方法考察同一性感刺激对两性可能产生的动机冲突,使得两性在选择能够展示拥有者特性的商品时,偏好可能大相径庭。本文以i Phone5S手机的色彩选择为例,两个实验的结果显示,来自性感女性的性感刺激,一方面会激发男性的配偶吸引动机,提高其对代表财富的金色手机(相比代表沉稳的黑色手机)的购买欲望;另一方面,会激发女性的配偶维系动机,使她们在给情人(相比给非情人关系男士)选购礼物时,对金色手机的偏好降低(相比黑色手机)。 相似文献
240.
Two experiments extend the ecological validity of tests of hemispheric interaction in three novel ways. First, we present a broad class of naturalistic stimuli that have not yet been used in tests of hemispheric interaction. Second, we test whether probable differences in complexity within the class of stimuli are supported by outcomes from measures of hemispheric interaction. Third, we use a procedure that presents target stimuli at fixation rather than at a lateralized location in order to more closely approximate normal viewing behavior. 相似文献