双视角下编码与提取相关性词差异的ERP研究

当个体的特征对周围人的利害影响大于本人时（如残忍）,该特征是他相关（other-relevance）的;反之则是主相关（possessor-relevance,如忧郁）的。研究比较了两种视角下（接受者视角：加工他人的特征;持有者视角：加工自我的特征）相关性特征在编码（判断特征词的相关性）与提取（新旧判断）过程中的ERP特点并发现：编码时双视角下都有他相关比主相关的波幅更大;提取时双视角下都有他相关比主相关的N400波形更负,仅在持有者视角时主相关比他相关的P600更正。可见他相关的加工优势体现在双视角下编码的全程与提取的早期,而主相关的优势表现在持有者视角的情景记忆提取过程中。     

运动员的自我控制：重要理论及研究进展

摘要 运动员大赛最佳竞技表现的核心是良好的自我控制。本文介绍了解释自我控制与竞技表现关系的6个理论的核心要点和实证研究,包括自动执行假说（Baumeister, 1984）、加工效能理论（Eysenck & Calvo, 1992）、注意控制理论（Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, & Calvo, 2007）、自我控制的力量模型（(Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998; Baumeister, Vohs , & Tice, 2007）、心理控制的逆过程理论（Wegner, 1994）和流畅状态理论（Csikszentmihalyi, 1990）;还介绍了通过心理训练以提高运动员自我控制能力的4个理论,包括心理建设综合模式（刘淑慧,1998,2001）、逆境应对训练模式（姒刚彦,2006,2007）、心理技能训练模型（Vealey, 2007）和中国运动员心理建设系统（张凯,张力为,2011）。本文讨论了这两类10个理论的异同及在运动员自我控制研究中的意义;最后指出,对不同的自我控制理论同时进行检验和比较的研究或许具有潜在价值。 关键词 自我控制,心理训练,运动员,比赛     

Stress, Coping, and Differentiation of Self: A Test of Bowen Theory

Differentiation of self from the family of origin is thought to be a significant factor in psychological functioning. Bowen contended that the effects of stress are moderated by differentiation of self, such that high levels of stress would have more impact on individuals lower in differentiation as compared to individuals higher in differentiation in predicting dysfunction. We tested this hypothesis and also assessed the relations among stress, coping, differentiation of self, and dysfunction. Results provided support for Bowen's prediction; differentiation indeed moderated the effects of perceived stress in predicting psychological functioning in expected ways. The interaction of differentiation of self and stress predicted variance in functioning beyond what was accounted for by coping styles, suggesting that although coping and differentiation of self are related, they are not synonymous.     

Identifying violence among women patients attending family practices: the role of research in community change

Violence against women has serious consequences. Although victims use health facilities more frequently than others, violence is still not recognized in most services and in the larger community. This study had three aims: (1) to estimate the prevalence of violence among women patients in primary care, (2) to evaluate the feasibility of asking all women about violence, and (3) to make violence visible, and thereby initiate a process of professional and community change on the issue of violence against women. The study was carried out in a small Italian town, at the initiative of a local family doctor. We conducted a cross‐sectional survey among patients of six family practices and 444 women responded to a self‐administrated questionnaire. Five per cent of respondents experienced physical or sexual violence in the last year, and 25% had experienced it in the past. Nineteen per cent had experienced psychological violence in the last 12 months. Risk factors for current violence were: younger age, being pregnant or with young children, being separated or divorced, or lack of stable employment. Most women were in favour of being asked about violence by their doctor. The study's results were disseminated in public meetings, with good press coverage. This resulted in a dramatic increase in the visibility of victims of violence, the development of a training course for health professionals, and the creation of the first women's group in the town. Along with advocacy work, the group has prepared a booklet on violence addressing women, and is now raising funds to start an ‘anti‐violence’ telephone line. Overall, the study has become a tool for change within the health services and the community. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

You still feel different: the experience and meaning of women's self‐injury in the context of a lesbian or bisexual identity

This article reports an intensive qualitative study of the subjective experience and meaning of self‐injury for 16 women who identified as lesbian or bisexual and who had deliberately self‐injured on repeated occasions. In individual interviews, the women talked about their experiences of self‐injury and the role it played in their lives as lesbian or bisexual women. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to elicit themes arising within their accounts. These highlighted a number of ways in which social and contextual factors contributed to the development of self‐injury. Although many of these factors seemed applicable to any woman who self‐injures, there were some aspects that were specific to the experience of lesbian and bisexual women. In addition, the women's accounts raised a number of important issues about the way in which mental health services respond to lesbian and bisexual women who self‐injure. It is argued that self‐injury can be understood as a coping response that arises within a social context characterized by abuse, invalidation, and the experience of being regarded as different or in some way unacceptable. These factors are especially salient in the lives of women, and they emerge particularly strongly as part of the experience of women who are developing a lesbian or bisexual identity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recognizing the Threat Posed by an Incestuous Parent to the Victim's Siblings: Part I: Appraising the Risk

Despite unmistakable evidence that incest offenders rarely stop with one child, courts routinely fail to protect an incest victim's siblings. Many courts simple deny that a parent's sex act with one child signals risk to others. Nevertheless, even those courts that acknowledge a sibling's risk reach wildly different results when confronting similar cases. Courts are split over whether a parent who molests his stepchild is equally likely to victimize biological offspring or whether a father who violates a daughter will also victimize sons. There is a substantial body of research about incest that can aid courts to better gauge a sibling's risk. Because the first act of incest creates a corresponding risk to some—but not necessarily all—children in the family, Part I of this 2 part series argues in favor of a presumption of risk that offenders may rebut. Part II examines whether a sibling's gender, genetic ties to the offender, or the offender's treatment mitigate the threat and, consequently, should serve as a basis for rebutting the presumption. Ultimately, this article concludes that the law can safeguard children only if guided by substantial evidence of how abusive families function.     

自我与记忆

记忆的选择性或偏向性也许是稳定的人格特质——自尊的函数。一些研究者在个人记忆的研究范型及其理论模型的基础上．提出了针对自我概念的解决不一致——负向模型和忽视不一致——负向模型,以及针对双维整体自尊的心境一致性模型和相关模型。相应的实验研究结果支持忽视模型或相关模型,表明记忆的选择性也许发生的编码阶段。作者最后提出了记忆的选择性也许具有文化特异性的假设。     

内隐自尊的研究趋势及测量方法

内隐自尊是社会认知研究的新领域。本文主要回顾了内隐自尊研究的趋势及测量方法的进展。内隐自尊的研究趋势主要表现为：内隐与外显自尊研究对照进行;应用性研究初步开展;研究方法的不断更新;与其它社会认知结构的关系;与行为的关系等。目前在研究方法上以反应时范式为主,最常用是内隐联想测验,还包括阈上语义启动、阈下语义启动、姓名字母与数字偏爱、Stroop颜色命名任务、内隐自我评价调查和外部情绪性Simon任务等。     

中学生身体自我满意度与自我价值感的相关研究

对228名中学生进行身体自我和自我价值感量表的测试结果表明：整体上中学生身体自我满意度与其自我价值感有显著的相关;各维度除身体的负面特征外,与自我价值感得分均有极显著的正相关,各自的重要性分别是运动特征、相貌、性特征和身材;高、低自我价值感的中学生的身体自我满意度有极显著差异,身体满意度越高则学生的自我价值感也越高。讨论主要分析了中国文化背景下的特异性,身体自我对自我价值感影响的作用机制及其研究前景。     

Self Psychology and End of Life Pastoral Care

This paper explores salient concepts of Heinz Kohut's self psychology in relation to pastoral caregiving with dying persons and family members. Examination of a principle case study and other relevant clinical examples illumines the discussion. It is argued that the principles of Kohut's psychology can critically inform pastoral theological reflection. Strengths and limitations are considered throughout the analysis, and gestures are made toward beneficial end of life pastoral theological practices for clients and practitioners.